《针对人类的阴谋:恐怖的诡计》存在的梦魇
[ 经典 ]

作者:托马斯·利戈蒂(Thomas Ligotti)
译者:0suffering(注:译自英语原著The Conspiracy Against The Human Race: A Contrivance Of Horror

The Nightmare Of Being

存在的梦魇

本章小节

Psychogenesis | Ante-Mortem | Wide-Awake | Brainwork | Mutation | Zombification | Undoing II | Self-Hypnosis | Cosmophobia | Pessimism I | Pessimism II

Psychogenesis
点击展开/折叠英语原文 For ages they had been without lives of their own. The whole of their being was open to the world and nothing divided them from the rest of creation. How long they had thus flourished none of them knew. Then something began to change. It happened over unremembered generations. The signs of a revision without forewarning were being writ ever more deeply into them. As their species moved forward, they began crossing boundaries whose very existence they never imagined. After nightfall, they looked up at a sky filled with stars and felt themselves small and fragile in the vastness. Soon they began to see everything in a way they never had in older times. When they found one of their own lying still and stiff, they now stood around the body as if there were something they should do that they had never done before. It was then they began to take bodies that were still and stiff to distant places so they could not find their way back to them. But even after they had done this, some within their group did see those bodies again, often standing silent in the moonlight or loitering sad-faced just beyond the glow of a fire. Everything changed once they had lives of their own and knew they had lives of their own. It even became impossible for them to believe things had ever been any other way. They were masters of their movements now, as it seemed, and never had there been anything like them. The epoch had passed when the whole of their being was open to the world and nothing divided them from the rest of creation. Something had happened. They did not know what it was, but they did know it as that which should not be. And something needed to be done if they were to flourish as they once had, if the very ground beneath their feet were not to fall out from under them. For ages they had been without lives of their own. Now that they had such lives there was no turning back. The whole of their being was closed to the world, and they had been divided from the rest of creation. Nothing could be done about that, having as they did lives of their own. But something would have to be done if they were to live with that which should not be. And over time they discovered what could be done—what would have to be done—so that they could live the lives that were now theirs to live. This would not revive among them the way things had once been done in older times; it would only be the best they could do.1

他们曾一度没有自己的生命。他们的整个存在都向世界敞开,与万物融为一体,毫无隔阂。他们就这样繁荣了多久,无人知晓。后来,某种变化开始发生。这发生在无人记得的世代之间。一种没有预兆的修正的迹象,越来越深刻地刻在他们身上。随着他们的物种向前发展,他们开始跨越他们从未想象过的边界。夜幕降临后,他们仰望星空,在浩瀚的宇宙中感到自己渺小而脆弱。很快,他们开始以一种前所未有的方式看待一切。当他们发现同伴僵硬地躺在那里时,他们现在围着尸体站着,仿佛他们应该做一些从未做过的事情。那时,他们开始把僵硬的尸体带到遥远的地方,以免它们找到回来的路。但即使他们这样做了,他们中的一些人还是会再次看到那些尸体,经常在月光下静静地站着,或在篝火的微光之外面带悲伤地徘徊。一旦他们有了自己的生活,并意识到自己有了自己的生活,一切都变了。他们甚至无法相信事情曾经是另一种样子。他们现在似乎是自己行动的主宰,从未有过像他们这样的存在。他们整个存在都向世界敞开,与万物融为一体的时代已经过去了。某种事情发生了。他们不知道那是什么,但他们知道那是“不应该发生的”。如果他们要像过去那样繁荣,如果他们脚下的土地不至于崩塌,就必须做些什么。他们曾一度没有自己的生命。既然他们有了这样的生命,就没有回头路了。他们的整个存在都对世界封闭了,他们与万物隔绝了。对于拥有自己生命的他们来说,对此无能为力。但是,如果他们要与“不应该发生的”共存,就必须做些什么。随着时间的推移,他们发现了可以做些什么——必须做些什么——才能过上他们现在拥有的生活。这不会让他们恢复过去的生活方式,这只是他们所能做的最好的事情。

Ante-Mortem
点击展开/折叠英语原文 For thousands of years a debate has been going on in the shadowy background of human affairs. The issue to be resolved: "What should we say about being alive?" Overwhelmingly, people have said, "Being alive is all right." More thoughtful persons have added, "Especially when you consider the alternative," disclosing a jocularity as puzzling as it is macabre, since the alternative is here implied to be both disagreeable and, upon consideration, capable of making being alive seem more agreeable than it alternatively would, as if the alternative were only a possibility that may or may not come to pass, like getting the flu, rather than a looming inevitability. And yet this covertly portentous remark is perfectly well tolerated by anyone who says that being alive is all right. These individuals stand on one side of the debate. On the other side is an imperceptible minority of disputants. Their response to the question of what we should say about being alive will be neither positive nor equivocal. They may even fulminate about howobjectionable it is to be alive, or spout off that to be alive is to inhabit a nightmare without hope of awakening to a natural world, to have our bodies embedded neck-deep in a quagmire of dread, to live as shut-ins in a house of horrors from which nobody gets out alive, and so on. Now, there are really no incisive answers as to why anyone thinks or feels one way and not another. The most we can say is that the first group of people is composed of optimists, although they may not think of themselves as such, while the contending group, that imperceptible minority, is composed of pessimists. The latter know who they are. But which group is in the right—the existentially harrowed pessimists or the life-embracing optimists—will never be resolved.

在人类事务的阴暗背景中,一场持续了数千年的辩论一直在进行。需要解决的问题是:“我们应该如何看待活着这件事?”绝大多数人都会说:“活着挺好的。”更深思熟虑的人会补充说:“尤其是当你考虑到另一种选择时。”这句话透露出一种既令人费解又令人毛骨悚然的玩笑,因为这里暗示的另一种选择既令人不愉快,而且经过考虑,又能使活着这件事显得比另一种选择更令人愉快,仿佛另一种选择只是一种可能发生或不发生的可能性,就像得了流感一样,而不是一个迫在眉睫的必然性。然而,这种隐晦地带有预兆性的话语,却被任何说活着挺好的人完全容忍。这些人站在辩论的一边。另一边是难以察觉的少数争论者。他们对我们应该如何看待活着这个问题的回答,既不会是肯定的,也不会是模棱两可的。他们甚至可能会怒斥活着是多么令人反感,或者滔滔不绝地说活着就是居住在一个没有希望醒来进入自然世界的噩梦中,我们的身体深深地陷入恐惧的泥潭中,像足不出户的人一样生活在一个无人能活着逃脱的恐怖屋中,等等。现在,对于为什么有人这样想或那样想,而不会反过来想,实际上并没有明确的答案。我们最多只能说,第一组人是由乐观主义者组成的,尽管他们可能并不认为自己是这样的人,而另一组争论者,即难以察觉的少数人,则是由悲观主义者组成的。后者知道他们是谁。但是,究竟哪一组是正确的——是那些在存在主义上饱受折磨的悲观主义者,还是那些拥抱生活的乐观主义者——永远不会有定论。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 If the most contemplative individuals are sometimes dubious about the value of existence, they do not often publicize their doubts but align themselves with the optimist in the street, tacitly declaiming, in more erudite terms, "Being alive is all right." The butcher, the baker, and the crushing majority of philosophers all agree on one thing: Human life is a good thing, and we should keep our species going for as long as we can. To tout the rival side of the issue is asking for grief. But some people seem born to bellyache that being alive is not all right. Should they vent this posture in philosophical or literary works, they may do so without anxiety that their efforts will have an excess of admirers. Notable among such efforts is "The Last Messiah" (1933), an essay written by the Norwegian philosopher and man of letters Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899-1990). In this work, which to date has been twice translated into English,2 Zapffe elucidated why he saw human existence as a tragedy.

如果说最沉思的人有时对存在的价值感到怀疑,他们通常不会公开表达他们的怀疑,而是与街上的乐观主义者保持一致,用更博学的语言默默地宣称:“活着挺好的。”屠夫、面包师和绝大多数哲学家都同意一件事:人类生命是美好的,我们应该尽可能地延续我们的物种。宣扬相反的观点只会自讨苦吃。但有些人似乎生来就喜欢抱怨活着并不好。如果他们在哲学或文学作品中表达这种立场,他们可以毫不担心他们的努力会得到过多的赞赏。在这些作品中,挪威哲学家和文学家彼得·韦塞尔·扎普夫(Peter Wessel Zapffe,1899-1990)于1933年撰写的散文《最后的弥赛亚》(The Last Messiah)尤为引人注目。在这部迄今为止已被两次翻译成英文的作品中,扎普夫阐述了他为什么认为人类的存在是一场悲剧。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Before discussing Zapffe's elucidation of human existence as a tragedy, however, it may be useful to muse upon a few facts whose relevance will become manifest down the line. As some may know, there exist readers who treasure philosophical and literary works of a pessimistic, nihilistic, or defeatist nature as indispensable to their existence, hyperbolically speaking. Contrary by temperament, these persons are sorely aware that nothing indispensable to their existence, hyperbolically or literally speaking, must make its way into their lives, as if by natural birthright. They do not think anything indispensable to anyone's existence may be claimed as a natural birthright, since the birthrights we toss about are all lies fabricated to a purpose, as any student of humanity can verify. For those who have given thought to this matter, the only rights we may exercise are these: to seek the survival of our individual bodies, to create more bodies like our own, and to perish from corruption or mortal trauma. This is presuming that one has been brought to term and has made it to the age of being reproductively ready, neither being a natural birthright. Stringently considered, then, our only natural birthright is a right to die. No other right has ever been allocated to anyone except as a fabrication, whether in modern times or days past.3 The divine right of kings may now be acknowledged as a fabrication, a falsified permit for prideful dementia and impulsive mayhem. The inalienable rights of certain people, on the other hand, seemingly remain current: somehow we believe they are not fabrications because hallowed documents declare they are real. Miserly or munificent as a given right may appear, it denotes no more than the right of way warranted by a traffic light, which does not mean you have the right to drive free of vehicular misadventures. Ask any paramedic as your dead body is taken away to the nearest hospital.

然而,在讨论扎普夫对人类存在作为悲剧的阐述之前,或许有必要思考一些事实,这些事实的相关性将在后续显现。有些人可能知道,存在一些读者,他们珍视悲观、虚无主义或失败主义性质的哲学和文学作品,认为它们对他们的存在(夸张地说)是不可或缺的。与生俱来的气质相反,这些人深刻地意识到,任何对他们的存在(无论是夸张地说还是字面上说)不可或缺的东西,都不应该像天然的出生权那样进入他们的生活。他们认为,任何对任何人的存在不可或缺的东西,都不能被声称为天然的出生权,因为我们所谈论的出生权都是为某种目的而编造的谎言,任何研究人类的人都可以证实这一点。对于那些思考过这个问题的人来说,我们唯一可以行使的权利是:寻求我们个体身体的生存,创造更多像我们一样的身体,以及因腐败或致命创伤而灭亡。这是假设一个人已经足月出生,并且已经达到生殖准备的年龄,这两者都不是天然的出生权。因此,严格来说,我们唯一的天然出生权是死亡权。除了现代或过去的日子里被编造出来的权利之外,没有其他权利被分配给任何人。君权神授现在可以被认为是捏造的,是为骄傲的痴呆和冲动的混乱而伪造的许可证。另一方面,某些人的不可剥夺的权利似乎仍然有效:不知何故,我们相信它们不是捏造的,因为神圣的文件宣称它们是真实的。无论一项既定的权利显得多么吝啬或慷慨,它所表示的都只不过是交通灯所保证的通行权,这并不意味着你有权免于车辆事故地自由驾驶。在你被送往最近的医院时,问问任何一位医护人员,你的尸体就会告诉你答案。

Wide-Awake
点击展开/折叠英语原文 Our want of any natural birthright—except to die, in most cases without assistance—is not a matter of tragedy, but only one of truth. Coming at last to the pith of Zapffe's thought as it is contained in "The Last Messiah," what the Norwegian philosopher saw as the tragedy of human existence had its beginnings when at some stage in our evolution we acquired "a damning surplus of consciousness." (Indulgence is begged in advance for the present work's profuse entreaties for assent, or at least suspension of disbelief, in this matter.) Naturally, it must be owned that there are quarrels among cognitive psychologists, philosophers of mind, and neuroscientists about what consciousness is. The fact that this question has been around since at least the time of the ancient Greeks and early Buddhists suggests there is an assumption of consciousness in the human species and that consciousness has had an effect on the way we exist. For Zapffe, the effect was

我们缺乏任何自然天赋——除了在大多数情况下无人帮助地死去——这并不是悲剧,而只是一个事实。最终来到扎普夫思想的精髓,正如它包含在《最后的弥赛亚》中那样,这位挪威哲学家认为人类存在的悲剧始于我们进化过程中的某个阶段,我们获得了“一种该死的过剩意识”。(请预先宽恕本文在此事上大量恳求赞同,或至少是暂停怀疑。)当然,必须承认,认知心理学家、心灵哲学家和神经科学家之间对于意识是什么存在争论。这个自古希腊人和早期佛教徒时代就存在的问题,表明人类物种中存在一种对意识的假设,并且意识已经对我们的存在方式产生了影响。对于扎普夫来说,这种影响是:

A breach in the very unity of life, a biological paradox, an abomination, an absurdity, an exaggeration of disastrous nature. Life had overshot its target, blowing itself apart. A species had been armed too heavily—by spirit made almighty without, but equally a menace to its own well-being. Its weapon was like a sword without hilt or plate, a two-edged blade cleaving everything; but he who is to wield it must grasp the blade and turn one edge toward himself.

生命本身的统一遭到了破裂,这是一种生物学上的悖论,一种可憎的存在,一种荒谬,一种对自然的灾难性夸张。生命已超越了自身的目标,将自己炸得四分五裂。一个物种被赋予了过重的武装——由精神使其在外部变得全能,但同时也成为自身福祉的威胁。它的武器如同一把没有握柄或护手的剑,一柄双刃之剑斩断一切;然而,挥舞它的人,唯有直接抓住锋刃,并将其中一刃对准自己。

Despite his new eyes, man was still rooted in matter, his soul spun into it and subordinated to its blind laws. And yet he could see matter as a stranger, compare himself to all phenomena, see through and locate his vital processes. He comes to nature as an unbidden guest, in vain extending his arms to beg conciliation with his maker: Nature answers no more; it performed a miracle with man, but later did not know him. He has lost his right of residence in the universe, has eaten from the Tree of Knowledge and been expelled from Paradise. He is mighty in the near world, but curses his might as purchased with his harmony of soul, his innocence, his inner peace in life’s embrace.

尽管拥有新的眼睛,人仍深深植根于物质之中,他的灵魂被编织进其中,并受制于它那盲目的法则。然而,他却能够以异己者的目光审视物质,将自己与万象相比,洞察并定位自身的生命过程。他以一个不速之客的身份来到自然面前,徒然伸出双臂,乞求与其造物主和解——然而自然再无回应。它曾在人的身上施展奇迹,但后来却不再认得他。他已在宇宙中失去了居住的权利,吞食了知识之树的果实,被逐出天堂。他在近在咫尺的世界中拥有强大力量,却又诅咒这种力量,因为它是以灵魂的和谐、纯真以及被生命怀抱时的内心安宁为代价换来的。


点击展开/折叠英语原文 Could there be anything to this pessimistic verbiage, this tirade against the evolution of consciousness? Millennia had passed without much discussion one way or the other on the subject, at least in polite society. Then suddenly this barrage from an obscure Norwegian philosopher. What is one to say? For contrast, here are some excerpts from an online interview with the eminent British multidisciplinary thinker Nicholas Humphrey ("A Self Worth Having: A Talk with Nicolas Humphrey," 2003):

这段悲观的言辞,对意识进化的抨击,是否真的有道理?数千年以来,关于这个话题,至少在文明社会中,并没有太多的讨论。然后,一位默默无闻的挪威哲学家突然发起了猛烈的抨击。人们该如何看待?为了形成对比,这里有一些摘自英国杰出跨学科思想家尼古拉斯·汉弗莱的在线采访(《拥有自我价值:与尼古拉斯·汉弗莱的对话》,2003年)的节选:

Consciousness—phenomenal experience—seems in many ways too good to be true. The way we experience the world seems unnecessarily beautiful, unnecessarily rich and strange. . . .

意识——现象体验——在很多方面都显得好得令人难以置信。我们体验世界的方式似乎不必要地美丽,不必要地丰富和奇异……

Phenomenal experience, surely, can and does provide the basis for creating a self worth having. And just see what becomes possible—even natural—-once this new self is in place1 As subjects of something so mysterious and strange, we humans gain new confidence and interest in our own survival, a new interest in other people too. We begin to be interested in the future, in immortality, and in all sorts of issues to do with . . . how far consciousness extends around us. . . .

毫无疑问,现象体验能够并且确实为创造一个值得拥有的自我提供了基础。一旦这个新的自我就位,看看会发生什么,甚至变得自然而然。作为如此神秘和奇异事物的体验者,我们人类对自身的生存获得了新的信心和兴趣,对他人也产生了新的兴趣。我们开始对未来、对永生,以及与……意识在我们周围延伸多远……有关的各种问题感兴趣。

[T]he more I try to make sense of it, the more I come back to the fact that we’ve evolved to regard consciousness as a wonderfully good thing in its own right—which could just be because consciousness is a wonderfully good thing in its own right!

我越是努力理解它,就越是回到这样一个事实:我们进化成将意识本身视为一件美好的事物——而这可能仅仅是因为意识本身就是一件美好的事物!


点击展开/折叠英语原文 Could there be anything to this optimistic verbiage in which consciousness is not a "breach in the very unity of life, a biological paradox, an abomination, an absurdity, an exaggeration of disastrous nature" but something that is "unnecessarily beautiful, unnecessarily rich and strange" and "a wonderfully good thing in its own right," something that makes human existence an unbelievably desirable adventure? Think about it—a British thinker thinks so well of the evolution of consciousness that he cannot contain his gratitude for this turn of events. What is one to say? Both Humphrey and Zapffe are equally passionate about what they have to say, which is not to say that they have said anything credible. Whether you think consciousness to be a benefit or a horror, this is only what you think—and nothing else. But even though you cannot demonstrate the truth of what you think, you can at least put it on show and see what the audience thinks.

难道这种乐观的说辞真的有道理吗?在这种说辞中,意识并非“生命本身的统一遭到了破裂,一种生物学上的悖论,一种可憎的存在,一种荒谬,一种对自然的灾难性夸张”,而是某种“多余地美丽、多余地丰富而奇异”的东西,是“一种本身就无比美好的事物”,是让人类的存在成为一场令人难以置信的理想冒险的东西?试想一下——一位英国思想家对意识的演化评价如此之高,以至于他无法抑制自己对这一发展方向的感激之情。对此,我们能说些什么呢?汉弗莱和扎普夫对自己的观点同样充满激情,但这并不意味着他们的观点就更可信。不管你认为意识是一种恩赐还是一种恐怖,这都只是你的看法——仅此而已。然而,尽管你无法证明自己的看法是正确的,至少你可以把它展示出来,看看观众如何评价。

Brainwork
点击展开/折叠英语原文 Over the centuries, assorted theories about the nature and workings of consciousness have been put forth. The theory Zapffe implicitly accepted is this: Consciousness is connected to the human brain in a way that makes the world appear to us as it appears and makes us appear to ourselves as we appear—that is, as "selves" or a "persons" strung together by memories, sensations, emotions, and so on. No one knows exactly how the consciousness-brain connection is made, but all evidence supports the non-dualistic theory that the brain is the source of consciousness and the only source of consciousness. Zapffe accepted consciousness as a given and moved on from there, since he was not interested in the debates surrounding this phenomenon as such but only in the way it determines the nature of our species. This was enough for his purposes, which were wholly existential and careless of seeking technical explanations for the workings of consciousness. Anyway, how consciousness "happened," since it was not always present in our species, remains as much a mystery in our time as it was in Zapffe's, just as the process of how life came about from materials that were not living remains a mystery. First there was no life, and then there was life—nature, as it came to be called. As nature proliferated into more complex and various forms, human organisms eventually entered the world as part of this process. After a time, consciousness happened for these organisms (and a few others at much lower amplitudes). And it kept on gaining steam as we evolved. On this all theorists of consciousness agree. Billions of years after earth made a jump from being lifeless to having life, human beings made a jump from not being conscious, or very much conscious, to being conscious enough to esteem or condemn this phenomenon. No one knows either how the jump was made or how long it took, although there are theories about both, as there are theories about all mutations from one state to another.

几个世纪以来,各种关于意识本质及其运作方式的理论层出不穷。扎普夫隐含接受的理论是:意识与人类大脑相连,以某种方式使世界呈现给我们的样貌成为可能,并使我们自身在我们看来具有某种统一性——也就是说,我们作为“自我”或“个体”而存在,由记忆、感知、情感等串联在一起。没有人确切知道意识与大脑之间的联系是如何建立的,但所有证据都支持一种非二元论的理论,即大脑是意识的源头,也是唯一的源头。扎普夫将意识视为一个既定事实,并由此展开思考,因为他并不关心围绕这一现象的争论,而只是关注它如何决定了我们物种的本质。这对他的目的而言已经足够,他的关注点完全是存在主义的,对意识如何运作的技术性解释毫无兴趣。无论如何,意识是如何“发生”的——因为它并非一直存在于我们物种中——在我们这个时代仍然是个谜,就像生命如何从非生物材料中诞生一样仍然是个谜。最初没有生命,而后生命出现——这便是所谓的自然。随着自然演化出更加复杂和多样的形式,人类这一生物体最终作为其中的一部分进入了世界。过了一段时间,这些生物体(以及少数其他生物,以较低的程度)产生了意识。而随着我们不断进化,意识也逐步增强。对此,所有意识理论家都达成一致。亿万年前,地球从无生命跃迁至有生命;而后,人类又从无意识(或仅具微弱意识)跃迁至足以对这一现象加以评价或批判的程度。至于这一跃迁是如何发生的,或花费了多长时间,没有人确切知晓,尽管围绕这两个问题存在各种理论,就像所有从一种状态突变为另一种状态的现象都会引发理论探讨一样。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 "The mutations must be considered blind," Zapffe wrote. "They work, are thrown forth, without any contact of interest with their environment." As mentioned, how the mutation of consciousness originated was of no concern to Zapffe, who focused entirely on demonstrating the tragic effect of this aptitude. Such projects are typical among pessimistic philosophers. Non-pessimistic philosophers either have an impartial attitude about consciousness or, like Nicholas Humphrey, think of it as a marvelous endowment. When non-pessimistic philosophers even notice the pessimist's attitude, they reject it. With the world on their side in the conviction that being alive is all right, non-pessimists are not disposed to musing that human existence is a wholesale tragedy. They only argue the fine points of whatever it is about human existence that grabs their attention, which may include the tragic but not so much that they lose their commitment to the proposition that being alive is all right. And they can do this until the day they die, which is all right by them.

“突变必须被认为是盲目的,”扎普夫写道。“它们运作,被抛出,与它们的环境没有任何利益相关的联系。”正如所提到的,意识突变是如何产生的,这并非扎普夫所关心的,他完全专注于展示这种天赋的悲剧性影响。这种项目在悲观主义哲学家中很典型。非悲观主义哲学家要么对意识持公正的态度,要么像尼古拉斯·汉弗莱一样,认为它是一种奇妙的禀赋。当非悲观主义哲学家甚至注意到悲观主义者的态度时,他们会拒绝它。由于世界站在他们一边,他们坚信活着是美好的,非悲观主义者并不倾向于沉思人类的存在是一场彻底的悲剧。他们只会争论人类存在的任何吸引他们注意力的细微之处,这可能包括悲剧,但不会达到让他们失去对“活着是美好的”这一命题的信念的程度。他们可以一直这样做,直到他们去世的那一天,这对他们来说也是美好的。

Mutation
点击展开/折叠英语原文 Established: Consciousness is not often viewed as being an instrument of tragedy in human life. But to Zapffe, consciousness would long past have proved fatal for human beings if we did not do something about it. "Why," Zapffe asked, "has mankind not long ago gone extinct during great epidemics of madness? Why do only a fairly minor number of individuals perish because they fail to endure the strain of living—because cognition gives them more than they can carry?" Zapffe's answer: "Most people learn to save themselves by artificially limiting the content of consciousness."

观点确立:意识通常不被视为人类生活中悲剧的工具。但对扎普夫而言,如果我们不采取一些措施,意识早就对人类造成了致命的打击。“为什么,”扎普夫问道,“人类没有在巨大的疯狂瘟疫中早已灭绝?为什么只有少数个体因无法承受生存的压力而消亡——因为认知给予他们的超过了他们所能承受的?”扎普夫的回答是:“大多数人学会通过人为地限制意识的内容来拯救自己。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 From an evolutionary viewpoint, in Zapffe's observation, consciousness was a blunder that required corrections for its effects. It was an adventitious outgrowth that made us into a race of contradictory beings—uncanny things that have nothing to do with the rest of creation. Because of consciousness, parent of all horrors, we became susceptible to thoughts that were startling and dreadful to us, thoughts that have never been equitably balanced by those that are collected and reassuring. Our minds now began dredging up horrors, flagrantly joyless possibilities, enough of them to make us drop to the ground in paroxysms of self-soiling consternation should they go untrammeled. This potentiality necessitated that certain defense mechanisms be put to use to keep us balanced on the knife-edge of vitality as a species.

从进化论的角度来看,在扎普夫的观察中,意识是一个需要修正其影响的错误。它是一种偶然的生长,使我们成为一个充满矛盾的种族——与造物界其他部分无关的奇异生物。由于意识,一切恐怖之母,我们变得容易受到令我们震惊和恐惧的想法的影响,这些想法从未被那些收集起来的、令人安心的想法公平地平衡。我们的头脑现在开始挖掘恐怖,赤裸裸的、毫无乐趣的可能性,如果它们不受控制,足以让我们在自我污秽的惊恐发作中倒在地上。这种可能性迫使我们必须使用某些防御机制,以使我们作为一个物种在生命力的刀刃上保持平衡。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 While a modicum of consciousness may have had survivalist properties during an immemorial chapter of our evolution—so one theory goes—this faculty soon enough became a seditious agent working against us. As Zapffe concluded, we need to hamper our consciousness for all we are worth or it will impose upon us a too clear vision of what we do not want to see, which, as the Norwegian philosopher saw it, along with every other pessimist, is "the brotherhood of suffering between everything alive." Whether or not one agrees that there is a "brotherhood of suffering between everything alive," we can all agree that human beings are the only organisms that can have such a conception of existence, or any conception period. That we can conceive of the phenomenon of suffering, our own as well as that of other organisms, is a property unique to us as a dangerously conscious species. We know there is suffering, and we do take action against it, which includes downplaying it by "artificially limiting the content of consciousness." Between taking action against and downplaying suffering, mainly the latter, most of us do not worry that it has overly sullied our existence.

有一种理论认为,在远古的进化时期,微弱的意识可能具有生存优势。然而,这种能力很快就变成了一种反叛的力量,对我们不利。正如扎普夫所总结的,我们需要竭尽全力抑制我们的意识,否则它会迫使我们清楚地看到我们不想看到的东西。正如这位挪威哲学家,以及其他所有悲观主义者所认为的,那就是“一切有生命之物之间的苦难兄弟情谊”。无论我们是否同意“一切有生命之物之间存在苦难兄弟情谊”,我们都能一致认为,人类是唯一能够拥有这种存在概念,或者任何概念的生物。我们能够理解痛苦的现象,包括我们自己的和其他生物的痛苦,这是我们作为一种危险的意识物种所独有的特性。我们知道痛苦的存在,并且我们也采取行动来对抗它,其中包括通过“人为地限制意识的内容”来淡化它。在采取行动对抗痛苦和淡化痛苦之间,主要是后者,我们大多数人并不担心它已经过度玷污了我们的存在。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 As a fact, we cannot give suffering precedence in either our individual or collective lives. We have to get on with things, and those who give precedence to suffering will be left behind. They fetter us with their sniveling. We have someplace to go and must believe we can get there, wherever that may be. And to conceive that there is a "brotherhood of suffering between everything alive" would disable us from getting anywhere. We are preoccupied with the good life, and step by step are working toward a better life. What we do, as a conscious species, is set markers for ourselves. Once we reach one marker, we advance to the next—as if we were playing a board game we think will never end, despite the fact that it will, like it or not. And if you are too conscious of not liking it, then you may conceive of yourself as a biological paradox that cannot live with its consciousness and cannot live without it. And in so living and not living, you take your place with the undead and the human puppet.

作为一个事实,我们不能在个人或集体生活中将痛苦置于首位。我们必须继续前行,那些将痛苦置于首位的人将会被抛在后面。他们用他们的呜咽束缚着我们。我们有地方要去,必须相信我们能到达那里,无论那是哪里。而且,如果我们认为”所有生命之间存在痛苦的兄弟情谊”,这将使我们无法到达任何地方。我们专注于美好生活,并且正一步步朝着更好的生活迈进。作为一个有意识的物种,我们为自己设定标记。一旦我们达到一个标记,我们就前进到下一个——就好像我们在玩一个我们认为永远不会结束的棋盘游戏,尽管事实上它会结束,不管我们喜欢与否。如果你过于意识到不喜欢这一点,那么你可能会将自己视为一个生物学悖论,既不能与自己的意识共存,也不能没有它而存在。在这种生存与非生存的状态中,你与不死族和人类木偶站在了一起。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 For the rest of the earth's organisms, existence is relatively uncomplicated. Their lives are about three things: survival, reproduction, death—and nothing else. But we know too much to content ourselves with surviving, reproducing, dying—and nothing else. We know we are alive and know we will die. We also know we will suffer during our lives before suffering—slowly or quickly—as we draw near to death. This is the knowledge we "enjoy" as the most intelligent organisms to gush from the womb of nature. And being so, we feel shortchanged if there is nothing else for us than to survive, reproduce, and die. We want there to be more to it than that, or to think there is. This is the tragedy: Consciousness has forced us into the paradoxical position of striving to be unself-conscious of what we are—hunks of spoiling flesh on disintegrating bones.

对于地球上的其他生物来说,生存相对简单。它们的生活围绕三件事展开:生存、繁殖、死亡——仅此而已。但我们知道得太多了,无法满足于仅仅生存、繁殖、死亡——仅此而已。我们知道自己活着,也知道自己会死去。我们也知道,在临近死亡之前,我们会在生活中遭受痛苦——或缓慢或快速。这就是我们作为从自然子宫中涌出的最聪明的生物所“享受”的知识。正因为如此,如果我们的生活除了生存、繁殖和死亡之外别无他物,我们会感到被亏待。我们希望还有更多的意义,或者认为有更多的意义。这就是悲剧所在:意识迫使我们陷入一种矛盾的境地,即努力对我们自身的本质——腐烂的肉块附着在正在崩解的骨头上——保持无意识。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Nonhuman occupants of this planet are unaware of death. But we are susceptible to startling and dreadful thoughts, and we need some fabulous illusions to take our minds off them.For us, then, life is a confidence trick we must run on ourselves, hoping we do not catch on to any monkey business that would leave us stripped of our defense mechanisms and standing stark naked before the silent, staring void. To end this self-deception, to free our species of the paradoxical imperative to be and not to be conscious, our backs breaking by degrees upon a wheel of lies, we must cease reproducing. Nothing less will do, per Zapffe, although in "The Last Messiah" the character after whom the essay is named does all the talking about human extinction. Elsewhere Zapffe speaks for himself on the subject.

这个星球上的非人类居民并不意识到死亡。但我们容易陷入令人震惊和可怕的想法,并且需要一些美妙的幻觉来分散注意力。对于我们来说,生活是一场我们必须自己上演的骗局,希望我们不会意识到其中的把戏,从而剥夺了我们的防御机制,让我们赤裸裸地站在那寂静、凝视的虚无面前。为了结束这种自我欺骗,解放我们的物种,摆脱在生与死之间的矛盾命令,我们必须停止繁殖。只有这样,才行,正如扎普夫所说,尽管在《最后的弥赛亚》中,那个以其名字命名的角色是唯一谈论人类灭绝的人。在其他地方,扎普夫亲自就这个话题发表了看法。

The sooner humanity dares to harmonize itself with its biological predicament, the better. And this means to willingly withdraw in contempt for its worldly terms, just as the heat-craving species went extinct when temperatures dropped. To us, it is the moral climate of the cosmos that is intolerable, and a two-child policy could make our discontinuance a pain-free one. Yet instead we are expanding and succeeding everywhere, as necessity has taught us to mutilate the formula in our hearts. Perhaps the most unreasonable effect of such invigorating vulgarization is the doctrine that the individual “has a duty” to suffer nameless agony and a terrible death if this saves or benefits the rest of his group. Anyone who declines is subjected to doom and death, instead of revulsion being directed at the world-order engendering of the situation. To any independent observer, this plainly is to juxtapose incommensurable things; no future triumph or metamorphosis can justify the pitiful blighting of a human being against his will. It is upon a pavement of battered destinies that the survivors storm ahead toward new bland sensations and mass deaths. (“Fragments of an Interview,” Aftenposten, 1959)

人类越早敢于与其生物困境和谐共处,就越好。这意味着要自愿地退出,藐视其世俗的条款,就像渴热的物种在温度下降时灭绝一样。对我们而言,宇宙的道德气候是无法容忍的,而一项二胎政策或许能让我们的消亡变得无痛。然而,我们却在各地扩展并取得成功,因为必然性教会我们在内心上扭曲公式。或许这种充满活力的粗俗化最不合理的效果,就是那种信条:个人“有责任”忍受无名的痛苦和可怕的死亡,如果这能拯救或造福其他人群。任何拒绝的人都将面临厄运和死亡,而不是将反感指向造成这种局面的世界秩序。对于任何独立的观察者来说,这显然是将无法比拟的事物并置;没有未来的胜利或蜕变能够为在违背个人意愿的情况下对人类进行可悲摧残提供正当理由。正是在一条破碎命运的铺路石上,幸存者们向前冲向新的平淡感受和集体死亡。 (采访片段, Aftenposten, 1959)


点击展开/折叠英语原文 More provocative than it is astonishing, Zapffe's thought is perhaps the most elementary in the history of philosophical pessimism. As penetrable as it is cheerless, it rests on taboo commonplaces and outlawed truisms while eschewing the recondite brain-twisters of his forerunners, all of whom engaged in the kind of convoluted cerebration that for thousands of years has been philosophy's stock in trade. For example, The World as Will and Representation (two volumes, 1819 and 1844) by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer lays out one of the most absorbingly intricate metaphysical systems ever contrived—a quasi-mystical elaboration of a "Will-to-live" as the hypostasis of reality, a mindless and untiring master of all being, a directionless force that makes everything do what it does, an imbecilic puppeteer that sustains the ruckus of our world. But Schopenhauer's Will-to-live, commendable as it may seem as a hypothesis, is too overwrought in the proving to be anything more than another intellectual labyrinth for specialists in perplexity. Comparatively, Zapffe's principles are non-technical and could never arouse the passion of professors or practitioners of philosophy, who typically circle around the minutiae of theories and not the gross facts of our lives. If we must think, it should be done only in circles, outside of which lies the unthinkable. Evidence: While commentators on Schopenhauer's thought have seized upon it as a philosophical system ripe for academic analysis, they do not emphasize that its ideal endpoint—the denial of the Will-to-live—is a construct for the end of human existence. But even Schopenhauer himself did not push this as aspect of his philosophy to its ideal endpoint, which has kept him in fair repute as a philosopher.

扎普夫的思想与其说是令人震惊,不如说是更具挑衅性,它或许是哲学悲观主义史上最基本的思想。它既浅显易懂又令人沮丧,它建立在禁忌的陈词滥调和被禁止的真理之上,同时避开了其前辈们深奥的脑筋急转弯。他的前辈们都从事了数千年来一直是哲学主要手段的复杂思辨。例如,德国哲学家叔本华的《作为意志和表象的世界》(两卷,1819年和1844年)阐述了有史以来最引人入胜的复杂形而上学体系之一——对“生存意志”的准神秘阐述,将其视为现实的实体,一种盲目而不倦的存在主宰,一种使万物各行其是的无向力量,一个维持我们世界喧嚣的愚蠢的傀儡师。但叔本华的“生存意志”,尽管作为一种假设似乎值得称赞,但在论证过程中过于复杂,以至于只能成为让困惑专家们陷入的又一个智力迷宫。相比之下,扎普夫的原则是非技术性的,永远不会激起教授或哲学从业者的热情,他们通常围绕着理论的细枝末节而不是我们生活的粗略事实打转。如果我们必须思考,那么应该只在圈子里思考,圈外是不可思议的。证据:虽然叔本华思想的评论家们将其视为一个适合学术分析的哲学体系,但他们并没有强调其理想的终点——对“生存意志”的否定——是人类终结的构建。但即使叔本华本人也没有将他哲学的这一方面推向其理想的终点,这使他作为一名哲学家保持了良好的声誉。

Zombification
点击展开/折叠英语原文 As adumbrated above, Zapffe arrived at two central determinations regarding humanity's "biological predicament." The first was that consciousness had overreached the point of being a sufferable property of our species, and to minimize this problem we must minimize our consciousness. From the many and various ways this may be done, Zapffe chose to hone in on four principal strategies.

如上所述,扎普夫就人类的”生物困境”得出了两个核心结论。第一个结论是,意识已经超出了作为我们物种可承受特性的范围,为了减轻这个问题,我们必须减少我们的意识。在众多且各种各样可以做到这一点的方法中,扎普夫选择了专注于四种主要策略。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 (1) ISOLATION. So that we may live without going into a free-fall of trepidation, we isolate the dire facts of being alive by relegating them to a remote compartment of our minds. They are the lunatic family members in the attic whose existence we deny in a conspiracy of silence.

(1) 隔离。为了使我们能够生活而不陷入恐惧的自由落体,我们通过将生存的可怕事实归入思想的一个遥远角落来隔离它们。它们就像阁楼上那些精神失常的家庭成员,我们在一个沉默的共谋中否认他们的存在。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 (2) ANCHORING. To stabilize our lives in the tempestuous waters of chaos, we conspire to anchor them in metaphysical and institutional "verities"—God, Morality, Natural Law, Country, Family—that inebriate us with a sense of being official, authentic, and safe in our beds.

(2) 锚定。 为了在混乱的汹涌波涛中稳定我们的生活,我们合谋将它们锚定在形而上和制度上的“真理”——上帝、道德、自然法则、国家、家庭——这些“真理”让我们沉醉于一种官方、真实和在床上感到安全的错觉。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 (3) DISTRACTION. To keep our minds unreflective of a world of horrors, we distract them with a world of trifling or momentous trash. The most operant method for furthering the conspiracy, it is in continuous employ and demands only that people keep their eyes on the ball—or their television sets, their government's foreign policy, their science projects, their careers, their place in society or the universe, etc.

(3) 分散注意力。为了不让我们的思想反思一个充满恐怖的世界,我们用一个充满琐碎或重大垃圾的世界来分散它们的注意力。这是推动阴谋最有效的手段,它持续不断地被使用,并且只需要人们把注意力集中在球上——或者他们的电视机、他们政府的外交政策、他们的科学项目、他们的职业、他们在社会或宇宙中的位置等等。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 (4) SUBLIMATION. That we might annul a paralyzing stage fright at what may happen to even the soundest bodies and minds, we sublimate our fears by making an open display of them. In the Zapffean sense, sublimation is the rarest technique utilized for conspiring against the human race. Putting into play both deviousness and skill, this is what thinkers and artistic types do when they recycle the most demoralizing and unnerving aspects of life as works in which the worst fortunes of humanity are presented in a stylized and removed manner as entertainment. In so many words, these thinkers and artistic types confect products that provide an escape from our suffering by a bogus simulation of it—a tragic drama or philosophical woolgathering, for instance. Zapffe uses "The Last Messiah" to showcase how a literary-philosophical composition cannot perturb its creator or anyone else with the severity of true-to-life horrors but only provide a pale representation of these horrors, just as a King Lear's weeping for his dead daughter Cordelia cannot rend its audience with the throes of the real thing.

(4) 升华。 为了消除对健全的身体和心灵可能遭遇的恐惧,我们通过公开展示这些恐惧来升华它们。在扎普夫的意义上,升华是用来对抗人类最罕见的技巧。运用诡计和技巧,思想家和艺术家将生活中最令人沮丧和不安的方面转化为作品,以风格化和疏远的方式呈现人类最糟糕的命运,作为娱乐。换句话说,这些思想家和艺术家制造的产品,通过对痛苦的虚假模拟——例如,悲剧戏剧或哲学空谈——来提供逃避痛苦的途径。扎普夫在《最后的弥赛亚》中展示了文学哲学作品如何不能像真实生活的恐怖那样严重地扰乱其创造者或任何人,而只能提供这些恐怖的苍白表现,正如李尔王为他死去的女儿考狄利娅的哭泣不能使观众感受到真实事件的痛苦一样。


点击展开/折叠英语原文 By watchful practice of the above connivances, we may keep ourselves from scrutinizing too assiduously the startling and dreadful mishaps that may befall us. These must come as a surprise, for if we expected them then the conspiracy could not work its magic. Naturally, conspiracy theories seldom pique the curiosity of "right-minded" individuals and are met with disbelief and denial when they do. Best to immunize your consciousness from any thoughts that are startling and dreadful so that we can all go on conspiring to survive and reproduce as paradoxical beings—puppets that can walk and talk all by themselves. At worst keep your startling and dreadful thoughts to yourself. Hearken well: "None of us wants to hear spoken the exact anxieties we keep locked up inside ourselves. Smother that urge to go spreading news of your pain and nightmares around town. Bury your dead but don't leave a trace. And be sure to get on with things or we will get on without you."

通过对上述共谋手段的警觉实践,我们或许能够避免过于勤勉地审视那些可能降临于我们的骇人灾祸。这些灾祸必须以突如其来的方式降临,因为如果我们预见到了它们,那么这场共谋便无法施展它的魔力。自然,“正派”人士很少会对阴谋论产生好奇心,即便偶有涉及,也只会遭到怀疑与否认。最好让你的意识对那些惊骇可怖的念头产生免疫,这样我们才能继续共谋着生存和繁衍,作为一种自相矛盾的存在——能够自行行走和言语的傀儡。即使做不到这一点,至少把那些惊骇可怖的想法藏在心里。请仔细聆听:“没有人愿意听到那些我们深埋心底的焦虑被直言不讳地说出口。压抑你那四处宣扬痛苦与梦魇的冲动。掩埋你的苦难,不要在世间留下痕迹。务必继续前行,否则我们将抛下你独自前行。”

点击展开/折叠英语原文 In his 1910 doctoral dissertation, published in English as Persuasion and Rhetoric (2004), the twenty-three-year-old Carlo Michelstaedter audited the tactics we use to falsify human existence as we trade who we are, or might be, for a specious view of ourselves. Like Pinocchio, Michelstaedter wanted to be a "real boy" and not the product of a puppet maker who, in turn, did not make himself but was made as he was made by mutations that, as Zapffe relays to us from evolutionary theory, "must be considered blind," a series of accidents that continually structure and restructure all that exists in the workshop of the world. To Michelstaedter, nothing in this world can be anything but a puppet. And a puppet is only a plaything, a thing of parts brought together as a simulacrum of real presence. It is nothingin itself. It is not whole and individual but exists only relative to other playthings, some of them human playthings that support one another's illusion of being real. However, by suppressing thoughts of suffering and death they give themselves away as beings of paradox—prevaricators who must hide from themselves the flagrantly joyless possibilities of their lives if they are to go on living. In Persuasion and Rhetoric, Michelstaedter pinpoints the paradox of our division from ourselves: "man 'knows,' which is why he is always two: his life and his knowing."

在1910年,年仅23岁的卡洛·米歇尔施泰德(Carlo Michelstaedter)发表了他的博士论文,后来以英文版《说服与修辞》(Persuasion and Rhetoric,2004)出版。他在论文中审视了我们为了换取一种虚假的自我认知而背弃真实的自我或潜在的自我,从而扭曲人类存在的种种策略。就像匹诺曹一样,米歇尔施泰德想要成为一个“真正的男孩”,而不是一个傀儡制造者的产物。而这个傀儡制造者本身也不是自造的,而是如扎普夫从进化论中转述给我们的那样,由“必须被认为是盲目的”突变所造就的,一系列偶然事件不断地在世界这个工场中构建和重构一切存在。对米歇尔施泰德来说,世界上的一切都只能是傀儡。而傀儡不过是玩物,是由各个部分拼凑起来的真实存在的仿制品。它本身一无所有。它不是完整的、独立的个体,而是仅仅相对于其他玩物而存在,其中一些是人类玩物,他们互相支撑着彼此是真实的幻觉。然而,通过压抑对痛苦和死亡的思考,他们暴露了自己作为悖论性存在的本质——为了继续生存,他们必须向自己掩盖生活中显而易见的无快乐的可能性。在《说服与修辞》中,米歇尔施泰德指出了我们与自身分裂的悖论:“人‘知道’,这就是为什么他总是分裂为二:他的生命和他的认知。”

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Michelstaedter's biographers and critics have speculated that his despair of humanity's ability to become disentangled from its puppet strings was, in conjunction with accidental factors, the cause of his suicide by gunshot the day after he finished his dissertation. Michelstaedter could not accept a stellar fact of human life: that none of us has control over what we are—a truth that extirpates all hope if what you want to be is invulnerably self-possessed ("persuaded") and without subjection to a life that would fit you within the limits of its unrealities ("rhetoric," a word oddly used by Michelstaedter). We are defined by our limitations; without them, we cannot suffice as functionaries in the big show of conscious existence. The farther you progress toward a vision of our species without limiting conditions on your consciousness, the farther you drift away from what makes you a person among persons in the human community. In the observance of Zapffe, an unleashed consciousness would alert us to the falsity of ourselves and subject us to the pain of Pinocchio. An individual's demarcations as a being, not his trespass of them, create his identity and preserve his illusion of being something special and not a freak of chance, a product of blind mutations. Transcending all illusions and their emergent activities—having absolute control of what we are and not what we need to be so that we may survive the most unsavory facts of life and death—would untether us from the moorings of our self-limited selves. The lesson: "Let us love our limitations, for without them no body would be left to be somebody."

米开尔斯泰特的传记作者和评论家推测,他对人类摆脱傀儡之线的能力感到绝望,这一绝望,加上偶然因素,导致了他在完成论文的次日开枪自杀。米开尔斯泰特无法接受人类生活的一个基本事实:我们都无法掌控自身为何物——这一真相会彻底摧毁所有希望,特别是当你的愿望是成为一个无懈可击、自我掌控(“确信”)且不受制于将你限定在虚幻之中的生活(他以一种奇特的方式使用“修辞”一词)时。我们的界限定义了我们自身;若无界限,我们便无法作为有意识存在的宏大表演中充当功能角色。你越是向着一种无局限条件的对人类的认知迈进,便越是远离使你成为人类社会中“人”的那些特质。按照扎普夫的观点,被释放的意识将使我们察觉自身的虚妄,并让我们承受皮诺曹式的痛苦。一个人的界限——而非他对这些界限的逾越——构成了他的身份,并维系着他对自身特殊性、非偶然性的幻觉,否则,他不过是盲目突变的产物。超越一切幻觉及其衍生的活动——完全掌控自身为何,而不是必须为何以便在最令人不快的生死现实中存续——将使我们与自我设限的存在彻底脱钩。其教训在于:“让我们热爱自己的局限,因为没有局限,就无人可成其为人。”

Undoing II
点击展开/折叠英语原文 The second of Zapffe's two central determinations—that our species should belay reproducing itself—immediately brings to mind a cast of characters from theological history known as Gnostics. The Gnostic sect of the Cathari in twelfth-century France were so tenacious in believing the world to be an evil place engendered by an evil deity that its members were offered a dual ultimatum: sexual abstinence or sodomy. (A similar sect in Bulgaria, the Bogomils, became the etymological origin of the term "buggery" for their practice of this mode of erotic release.) Around the same period, the Catholic Church mandated abstinence for its clerics, a directive that did not halt them from betimes giving in to sexual quickening. The raison d'etre for this doctrine was the attainment of grace (and in legend was obligatory for those scouring hither and yon for the Holy Grail) rather than an enlightened governance of reproductive plugs and bungholes. With these exceptions, the Church did not counsel its followers to imitate its ascetic founder but sagaciously welcomed them to breed as copiously as they could.

扎普夫的两个核心主张中的第二个——我们的物种应当停止繁衍自身——立即让人想起神学史上一类被称为诺斯替派的群体。十二世纪法国的诺斯替派教团卡特里派(Cathari)坚定地相信世界是由一位邪恶的神创造的邪恶之地,以至于其成员被要求在两种选择中择其一:禁欲或鸡奸。(在大致同一时期,保加利亚的博戈米尔派(Bogomils)也持有类似信仰,并因其采取这种方式进行性释放而成为“鸡奸”(buggery)一词的词源。)与此同时,天主教会规定其神职人员必须守贞,但这一规定并未阻止他们偶尔屈服于性冲动。推行该教义的理由是为了获得神恩(在传说中,这也是那些四处寻找圣杯之人必须遵守的义务),而非出于对生殖器与肛门的开合进行开明的管控。除此之外,教会并未劝诫信徒效仿其禁欲的创始人,反而明智地鼓励他们尽可能多地繁衍后代。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 In another orbit from the theologies of either Gnosticism or Catholicism, the nineteenth-century German philosopher Philipp Mainländer (born Phillip Batz) also envisaged non-coital existence as the surest path to redemption for the sin of being congregants of this world. Our extinction, however, would not be the outcome of an unnatural chastity, but would be a naturally occurring phenomenon once we had evolved far enough to apprehend our existence as so hopelessly pointless and unsatisfactory that we would no longer be subject to generative promptings. Paradoxically, this evolution toward life-sickness would be promoted by a mounting happiness among us. This happiness would be quickened by our following Mainländer's evangelical guidelines for achieving such things as universal justice and charity. Only by securing every good that could be gotten in life, Mainländer figured, could we know that they were not as good as nonexistence.

在不同于诺斯替主义或天主教神学的轨道上,19 世纪德国哲学家菲利普·迈因兰德(原名菲利普·巴茨)也将非交合的存在视为救赎“身为这世界的会众”之罪的最可靠途径。然而,我们的灭绝并不会是某种不自然的禁欲所导致的,而是当人类进化到足够的程度,彻底领悟到自身存在的绝对无望与无法满足时,自然而然发生的现象。在这个悖论性的进程中,促使人类走向厌世的,恰恰会是一种不断增长的幸福感。而这种幸福感的加速,则源于人类遵循梅兰德所布道的指导方针,去实现诸如普世正义与博爱之类的理想。梅兰德认为,唯有在世间获得一切可能的美好之后,我们才能真正认识到,这些美好远不及虚无来得更好。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 While the abolishment of human life would be sufficient for the average pessimist, the terminal stage of Mainländer's wishful thought was the full summoning of a "Will-to-die" that by his deduction resided in all matter across the universe. Mainländer diagrammed this brainstorm, along with others as riveting, in a treatise whose title has been translated into English as The Philosophy of Redemption (1876). Unsurprisingly, the work never set the philosophical world ablaze. Perhaps the author might have garnered greater celebrity if, like the Austrian philosopher Otto Weininger in his infamous study translated as Sex and Character (1903), he had devoted himself to gripping ruminations on male and female matters rather than the redemptive disappearance of everyone regardless of gender.4

虽然废除人类生命对普通悲观主义者来说已经足够,但迈因兰德的幻想的终极阶段是对“死亡意志”的完全召唤,他推断这种意志存在于宇宙中的所有物质中。迈因兰德在一篇题为《救赎哲学》(1876)的论文中,绘制了这一奇思妙想以及其他同样引人入胜的想法。不出所料,这部作品从未在哲学界引起轰动。或许,如果这位作者像奥地利哲学家奥托·魏宁格在他那本臭名昭著的、译为《性与性格》(1903)的研究中那样,专注于对男性和女性问题的引人入胜的沉思,而不是对所有人(不论性别)的救赎性消失,他可能会获得更大的名气。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 As one who had a special plan for the human race, Mainländer was not a modest thinker. "We are not everyday people," he once wrote in the royal third-person, "and must pay dearly for dining at the table of the gods." To top it off, suicide ran in his family. On the day his Philosophy of Redemption was published, Mainländer killed himself, possibly in a fit of megalomania but just as possibly in surrender to the extinction that for him was so attractive and that he avouched for a most esoteric reason—Deicide.

作为一个对人类有特殊计划的人,迈因兰德并不是一个谦虚的思想家。他曾用皇室第三人称写道:“我们不是普通人,必须为在神桌上用餐付出高昂的代价。”更糟糕的是,他的家族有自杀倾向。在《救赎哲学》出版当天,迈因兰德自杀了,这可能是出于狂妄自大,但也可能是屈服于对他来说如此有吸引力的灭绝,他为一个最深奥的原因——弑神——辩护。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Mainländer was confident that the Will-to-die he believed would well up in humanity had been spiritually grafted into us by a God who, in the beginning, masterminded His own quietus. It seems that existence was a horror to God. Unfortunately, God was impervious to the depredations of time. This being so, His only means to get free of Himself was by a divine form of suicide.

迈因兰德确信,他认为会在人类中涌现的“死亡意志”是上帝在精神上植入我们体内的,而这位上帝在最初策划了自己的寂灭。似乎存在对上帝来说是一种恐怖。不幸的是,上帝不受时间摧残的影响。因此,他摆脱自己的唯一手段就是通过一种神圣的自杀形式。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 God's plan to suicide himself could not work, though, as long as He existed as a unified entity outside of space-time and matter. Seeking to nullify His oneness so that He could be delivered into nothingness, he shattered Himself—Big Bang—likeinto the time-bound fragments of the universe, that is, all those objects and organisms that have been accumulating here and there for billions of years. In Mainländer's philosophy, "God knew that he could change from a state of super-reality into non-being only through the development of a real world of multiformity." Employing this strategy, He excluded Himself from being. "God is dead," wrote Mainländer, "and His death was the life of the world." Once the great individuation had been initiated, the momentum of its creator's self-annihilation would continue until everything became exhausted by its own existence, which for human beings meant that the faster they learned that happiness was not as good as they thought it would be, the happier they would be to die out.

然而,只要上帝作为一个统一的实体存在于时空和物质之外,他的自杀计划就无法实现。为了消除他的统一性,以便他能够被送入虚无,他像大爆炸一样将自己粉碎成宇宙中受时间限制的碎片,也就是那些几十亿年来在这里和那里积累的所有物体和生物。在迈因兰德的哲学中,“上帝知道,他只能通过发展一个多样的真实世界,才能从超现实状态转变为虚无。”通过采用这种策略,他将自己排除在外。“上帝死了,”迈因兰德写道,“他的死是世界的生命。”一旦伟大的个体化开始,其创造者的自我毁灭的势头将持续下去,直到一切都被其自身的存在耗尽,这对人类来说意味着,他们越快认识到幸福并不像他们想象的那么好,他们就越乐于消亡。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 So: The Will-to-live that Schopenhauer argued activates the world to its torment was revised by his disciple Mainländer not only as evidence of a tortured life within living beings, but also as a cover for a clandestine will in all things to burn themselves out as hastily as possible in the fires of becoming. In this light, human progress is shown to be an ironic symptom that our downfall into extinction has been progressing nicely, because the more things change for the better, the more they progress toward a reliable end. And those who committed suicide, as did Mainländer, would only be forwarding God's blueprint for bringing an end to His Creation. Naturally, those who replaced themselves by procreation were of no help: "Death is succeeded by the absolute nothing; it is the perfect annihilation of each individual in appearance and being, supposing that by him no child has been begotten or born; for otherwise the individual would live on in that." Mainländer's argument that in the long run nonexistence is superior to existence was cobbled together from his unorthodox interpretation of Christian doctrines and from Buddhism as he understood it.

因此:叔本华认为激活世界走向痛苦的“生存意志”,被他的门徒迈因兰德修正,不仅被视为生物体内痛苦生活的证据,而且被视为万物中一种秘密意志的掩盖,这种意志旨在尽快在生成的火焰中自我燃尽。从这个角度来看,人类的进步被证明是一种讽刺性的症状,表明我们走向灭绝的衰落进展顺利,因为事物变得越好,它们就越朝着可靠的终点前进。而那些自杀的人,如迈因兰德,只会推进上帝结束其创造的蓝图。当然,那些通过生育来取代自己的人毫无帮助:“死亡之后是绝对的虚无;它是每个个体在外观和存在上的彻底消灭,假设他没有生育或生下孩子;否则,个体会在孩子身上延续下去。”迈因兰德关于从长远来看不存在优于存在的论点,是由他对基督教教义的非正统解释以及他对佛教的理解拼凑而成的。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 As the average conscious mortal knows, Christianity and Buddhism are all for leaving this world behind, with their leave-taking being for destinations unknown and impossible to conceive. For Mainländer, these destinations did not exist. His forecast was that one day our will to survive in this life or any other will be universally extinguished by a conscious will to die and stay dead, after the example of the Creator. From the standpoint of Mainländer's philosophy, Zapffe's Last Messiah would not be an unwelcome sage but a crowning force of the post-divine era. Rather than resist our end, as Mainländer concludes, we will come to see that "the knowledge that life is worthless is the flower of all human wisdom." Elsewhere the philosopher states, "Life is hell, and the sweet still night of absolute death is the annihilation of hell."

正如普通的有意识的凡人所知,基督教和佛教都主张离开这个世界,它们的离开是为了未知的、无法想象的目的地。对于迈因兰德来说,这些目的地并不存在。他的预言是,有一天,我们在这个或任何其他世界生存的意志,将普遍被一种有意识的死亡意志所熄灭,并保持死亡状态,效仿造物主的榜样。从迈因兰德哲学的角度来看,扎普夫的“最后的弥赛亚”不会是一个不受欢迎的智者,而是后神圣时代的巅峰力量。迈因兰德总结说,我们不会抵抗我们的终结,而是会明白“认识到生命毫无价值是人类一切智慧的精华”。这位哲学家在其他地方说,“生命是地狱,而绝对死亡甜蜜寂静的夜晚是地狱的毁灭。”

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Inhospitable to rationality as Mainländer's cosmic scenario may seem, it should nonetheless give pause to anyone who is keen to make sense of the universe. Consider this: If something like God exists, or once existed, what would He not be capable of doing, or undoing? Why should God not want to be done with Himself because, unbeknownst to us, suffering was the essence of His being? Why should He not have brought forth a universe that is one great puppet show destined by Him to be crunched or scattered until an absolute nothingness had been established? Why should He fail to see the benefits of nonexistence, as many of His lesser beings have? Revealed scripture there may be that tells a different story. But that does not mean it was revealed by a reliable narrator. Just because He asserted it was all good does not mean he meant what He said. Perhaps He did not want to leave a bad impression by telling us He had absented Himself from the ceremonies before they had begun. Alone and immortal, nothing needed Him. Per Mainländer, though, He needed to bust out into a universe to complete His project of self-extinction, passing on His horror piecemeal, so to say, to His creation.

尽管迈因兰德的宇宙论听起来可能与理性格格不入,但它仍然应该让任何热衷于理解宇宙的人停下来思考。考虑以下几点:如果类似上帝的存在,或者曾经存在过,他有什么是不能做或不能撤销的?为什么上帝不希望结束自己的存在,因为我们不知道,痛苦是他存在的本质?为什么他不创造一个宇宙,一个由他注定要被碾碎或分散的盛大木偶戏,直到绝对虚无建立起来?为什么他看不到不存在的好处,就像他的许多低等生物一样?或许有启示的经文讲述了一个不同的故事。但这并不意味着它是可靠的叙述者所启示的。仅仅因为他断言一切都是美好的,并不意味着他言行一致。也许他不想给我们留下坏印象,告诉我们他在仪式开始之前就已经退场了。孤独而永生,没有什么需要他。然而,根据迈因兰德的说法,他需要爆发到一个宇宙中,以完成他自我灭绝的计划,将他的恐惧一点一点地传递给他的创造物。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Mainländer's first philosophy, and last, is in fact no odder than any religious or secular ethos that presupposes the worth of human life. Both are objectively insupportable and irrational. Mainländer was a pessimist, and, just as with any optimist, he needed something to support his gut feeling about being alive. No one has yet conceived an authoritative reason for why the human race should continue or discontinue its being, although some believe they have. Mainländer was sure he had an answer to what he judged to be the worthlessness and pain of existence, and none may peremptorily belie it. Ontologically, Mainländer's thought is delirious; metaphorically, it explains a good deal about human experience; practically, it may in time prove to be consistent with the idea of creation as a structure of creaking bones being eaten from within by a pestilent marrow.

迈因兰德最初也是最后的哲学,实际上并不比任何预设人类生命价值的宗教或世俗伦理更奇怪。两者在客观上都是站不住脚且不合理的。迈因兰德是个悲观主义者,就像任何乐观主义者一样,他需要一些东西来支撑他对生存的直觉。没有人能够提出一个权威的理由来解释人类应该继续还是停止存在,尽管有些人认为他们已经找到了。迈因兰德确信他对存在毫无价值和痛苦的判断有一个答案,而且没有人可以断然否定它。从本体论上讲,迈因兰德的思想是谵妄的;从比喻上讲,它很好地解释了人类的许多经验;从实践上讲,随着时间的推移,它可能会被证明与“创造是一种骨骼吱嘎作响,被有毒骨髓从内部啃食的结构”的观点相符。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 That there is redemption to be found in an ecumenical non-existence is an old idea on which Mainländer put a new face. For some it is a cherished idea, like that of a peaceful afterlife or progress toward perfection in this life. The need for such ideas comes out of the fact that existence is a condition with no redeeming qualities. If this were not so, none would need cherished ideas like an ecumenical nonexistence, a peaceful afterlife, or progress toward perfection in this life.5

在普世的虚无中可以找到救赎,这是一个古老的想法,迈因兰德赋予了它新的面貌。对一些人来说,这是一个珍视的想法,就像和平的来世或今生朝着完美的进步一样。这种需求源于一个事实,即存在是一种没有任何救赎品质的状态。如果不是这样,没有人会需要像普世虚无、和平来世或今生朝着完美的进步这样的珍视想法。

Self-Hypnosis
点击展开/折叠英语原文 Among the unpleasantries of human existence is the abashment we suffer when we feel our lives to be destitute of meaning with respect to who we are, what we do, and the general way we believe things to be in the universe. If one doubts that felt meanings are imperative to our developing or maintaining a state of good feeling, just lay your eyes on the staggering number of books and therapies for a market of individuals who suffer from a deficiency of meaning, either in a limited and localized variant ("I am satisfied that my life has meaning because I received an 'A' on my calculus exam") or one that is macrocosmic in scope ("I am satisfied that my life has meaning because God loves me"). Few are the readers of Norman Vincent Peale's The Power of Positive Thinking (1952) who do not feel dissatisfied with who they are, what they do, and the general way they believe things to be in the universe. Millions of copies of Peale's book and its imitations have been sold; and they are not purchased by readers well satisfied with the number or intensity of felt meanings in their lives and thus with their place on the ladder of "subjective well being," in the vernacular of positive psychology, a movement that came into its own in the early years of the twenty-first century with a spate of books about how almost anyone could lead happily meaningful lives. 6 Martin Seligman, the architect of positive psychology, defines his brainchild as "the science of what makes life worth living" and synopsized its principles in Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment (2002).

人类存在的不愉快之处之一是当我们感到自己的生活在身份认同、行为方式以及对宇宙运行规律的普遍认知方面缺乏意义时所承受的羞愧。如果有人怀疑感受到的意义对于我们发展或维持良好情绪状态的重要性,只需看看为那些遭受意义缺失之苦的人群所出版的数量惊人的书籍和治疗方法,无论是局部有限的意义缺失(“我对生活有意义感到满足,因为我在微积分考试中得了A”)还是宏观范围的意义缺失(“我对生活有意义感到满足,因为上帝爱我”)。诺曼·文森特·皮尔的《积极思考的力量》(1952年)的读者中,很少有人对自己是谁、做什么以及对宇宙运行方式的普遍认知感到满意。皮尔的书及其模仿作品已售出数百万册;购买这些书的读者并非对自己生活中感受到的意义的数量或强度感到满足,也不满足于自己在”主观幸福感”阶梯上的位置——这是积极心理学的术语,积极心理学运动在二十一世纪初期通过大量关于几乎任何人都可以过上快乐有意义生活的书籍而兴起。马丁·塞利格曼,积极心理学的创始人,将其定义为”研究什么使生活值得过的科学”,并在《真实的幸福:运用新积极心理学实现持久满足的潜力》(2002年)中概述了其原则。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 There is nothing new, of course, about people searching for a happily meaningful life in a book. With the exception of sacred texts, possibly the most successful self-help manual of all time is Emile Coué's Self Mastery through Conscious Autosuggestion (1922). Coué was an advocate of self-hypnosis, and there is little doubt that he had an authentically philanthropic desire to help others lead more salutary lives. On his lecture tours, he was greeted by celebrities and dignitaries around the world. Hordes turned out for his funeral in 1926.

当然,人们在书中寻找幸福而有意义的生活并不是什么新鲜事。除了宗教经典之外,可能最成功的自助手册就是埃米尔·库埃的《通过有意识的自我暗示实现自我掌控》(1922年)。库埃提倡自我催眠,毫无疑问,他真诚地希望帮助他人过上更健康有益的生活。在他的巡回演讲中,他受到了世界各地名人和政要的欢迎。1926年他去世时,大批民众前来送别。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Coué is best known for urging believers in his method to repeat the following sentence: "Day by day, in every way, I am getting better and better." How could his readers not feel that their lives had meaning, or were proceeding toward meaningfulness, by hypnotizing themselves with these words day by day? While being alive is all right for the world's general population, some of us need to get it in writing that this is so.

库埃最广为人知的是他敦促信奉其方法的信徒们重复以下句子:“日复一日,在各个方面,我都变得越来越好。”通过日复一日地用这些话语催眠自己,他的读者怎么可能不觉得他们的生活是有意义的,或者正在朝着有意义的方向前进呢?虽然活着对世界上大多数人来说都是可以的,但我们中的一些人需要用文字来确认这一点。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Every other creature in the world is insensate to meaning. But those of us on the high ground of evolution are replete with this unnatural need which any comprehensive encyclopedia of philosophy treats under the heading LIFE, THE MEANING OF. In its quest for a sense of meaning, humanity has given countless answers to questions that were never posed to it. But though our appetite for meaning may be appeased for a time, we are deceived if we think it is ever gone for good. Years may pass during which we are unmolested by LIFE, THE MEANING OF. Some days we wake up and innocently say, "It's good to be alive." Broken down, this exclamation means that we are experiencing an acute sense of well-being. If everyone were in such elevated spirits all the time, the topic of LIFE, THE MEANING OF would never enter our minds or our philosophical reference books. But an ungrounded jubilation—or even a neutral reading on the monitor of our moods—must lapse, either intermittently or for the rest of our natural lives. Our consciousness, having snoozed awhile in the garden of incuriosity, is pricked by some thorn or other, perhaps DEATH, THE MEANING OF, or spontaneously modulates to a minor key due to the vagaries of our brain chemistry, the weather, or for causes not confirmable. Then the hunger returns for LIFE, THE MEANING OF, the emptiness must be filled again, the pursuit resumed. (There is more on meaning in the section Unpersons contained in the next chapter, "Who Goes There?")

世界上的其他生物对意义是无知觉的。但我们这些处于进化高地上的人类,充满了这种非自然的需求,任何全面的哲学百科全书都会在”生命的意义”标题下对此进行论述。在寻求意义感的过程中,人类对从未向其提出的问题给出了无数答案。但尽管我们对意义的渴望可能暂时得到满足,如果我们认为它永远不会再出现,那就是自欺欺人。我们可能会度过数年不受”生命的意义”困扰的时光。有些日子我们醒来后天真地说:”活着真好。”分解来看,这句感叹意味着我们正经历着一种强烈的幸福感。如果每个人一直都保持如此高昂的情绪,”生命的意义”这个话题就永远不会进入我们的思想或哲学参考书中。但是一种没有根据的欢乐——甚至是我们情绪监测器上的中性读数——必然会暂时或在我们余生中永久衰退。我们的意识在无好奇心的花园中小睡一会儿后,会被某种刺痛所刺激,也许是”死亡的意义”,或者由于我们的脑化学、天气或无法确认的原因而自发地调节到小调。然后,对”生命的意义”的饥渴又回来了,空虚必须再次被填满,追求必须继续。(关于意义的更多内容在下一章”谁在那里?”中的”非人”部分有所论述。)

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Perhaps we might gain some perspective on our earthly term if we stopped thinking of ourselves as beings who enact a "life." This word is loaded with connotations to which it has no right. Instead, we should substitute "existence" for "life" and forget about how well or badly we enact it. None of us "has a life" in the narrative-biographical way we think of these words. What we have are so many years of existence. It would not occur to us to say that any man or woman is in the "prime of existence." Speaking of "existence" rather than "life" unclothes the latter word of its mystique. Who would ever claim that "existence is all right, especially when you consider the alternative"?

如果我们停止将自己视为“生命”的演绎者,或许我们就能对自己的尘世期限获得一些新的视角。这个词充满了它本不应有的含义。相反,我们应该用“存在”来代替“生命”,并忘记我们演绎得好坏。我们中没有人拥有我们通常理解的叙事传记式的“生命”。我们所拥有的只是多年的存在。我们不会想到说任何男人或女人正处于“存在的黄金时期”。用“存在”而不是“生命”来表达,会剥去后者神秘的外衣。谁会声称“存在还不错,特别是当你考虑到另一种选择时”呢?

Cosmophobia
点击展开/折叠英语原文 As heretofore noted, consciousness may have assisted our species' survival in the hard times of prehistory, but as it became ever more intense it evolved the potential to ruin everything if not securely muzzled. This is the problem: We must either outsmart consciousness or be thrown into its vortex of doleful factuality and suffer, as Zapffe termed it, a "dread of being"—not only of our own being but of being itself, the idea that the vacancy that might otherwise have obtained is occupied like a stall in a public lavatory of infinite dimensions, that there is a universe in which things like celestial bodies and human beings are roving about, that anything exists in the way it seems to exist, that we are part of all being until we stop being, if there is anything we may understand as being other than semblances or the appearance of semblances.

正如先前所述,意识或许在史前艰难岁月中助益了我们物种的生存,但随着它变得愈发强烈,它也进化出了毁灭一切的潜能,若不能将其牢牢缚住,便会酿成灾难。这就是问题所在:我们要么设法智胜意识,要么被抛入其悲戚事实性的漩涡之中,遭受扎普夫所称的“存在的恐惧”——不仅是对我们自身存在的恐惧,也是对存在本身的恐惧,即这样一种念头:原本可能为空无的境地,如今却如同一间无限尺度的公共厕所隔间般被占据;宇宙之中竟然有诸如天体与人类这样的事物游荡;任何事物竟然以它看似存在的方式存在着;而我们则是整体存在的一部分,直至我们不再存在——如果“存在”这一概念还能被理解为某种不同于表象或表象的显现的东西的话。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 On the premise that consciousness must be obfuscated so that we might go on as we have all these years, Zapffe inferred that the sensible thing would be not to go on with the paradoxical nonsense of trying to inhibit our cardinal attribute as beings, since we can tolerate existence only if we believe—in accord with a complex of illusions, a legerdemain of duplicity—that we are not what we are: unreality on legs. As conscious beings, we must hold back that divulgement lest it break us with a sense of being things without significance or foundation, anatomies shackled to a landscape of unintelligible horrors. In plain language, we cannot live except as self-deceivers who must lie to ourselves about ourselves, as well as about our unwinnable situation in this world.7

鉴于要维持我们至今的生存状态,意识必须被遮蔽,扎普夫推论出,明智的做法是不再继续这荒谬的努力——试图抑制我们作为存在者的核心属性。因为只有在错综复杂的幻觉、双重欺骗的戏法之下,我们才能容忍自身的存在——才能相信我们并非真实的自己,而是行走的虚无。作为有意识的存在,我们必须压抑这种揭示,否则它将以无意义与无根基的认知击垮我们,让我们成为被桎梏于一片无法理解的恐怖景观之中的解剖之物。用更直白的话来说,我们只能作为自欺者而生存,必须对自己撒谎,既欺骗自身的本质,也欺骗自身在这个世界上无法取胜的境遇。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Accepting the preceding statements as containing some truth, or at least for the sake of moving on with the present narrative, it seems that we are zealots of Zapffe's four plans for smothering consciousness: isolation ("Being alive is all right"), anchoring ("One Nation under God with Families, Morality, and Natural Birthrights for all"), distraction ("Better to kill time than kill oneself"), and sublimation ("I am writing a book titled The Conspiracy against the Human Race"). These practices make us organisms with a nimble intellect that can deceive themselves "for their own good." Isolation, anchoring, distraction, and sublimation are among the wiles we use to keep ourselves from dispelling every illusion that keeps us up and running. Without this cognitive double-dealing, we would be exposed for what we are. It would be like looking into a mirror and for a moment seeing the skull inside our skin looking back at us with its sardonic smile. And beneath the skull—only blackness, nothing. Someone is there, so we feel, and yet no one is there—the uncanny paradox, all the horror in a glimpse. A little piece of our world has been peeled back, and underneath is creaking desolation—a carnival where all the rides are moving but no patrons occupy the seats. We are missing from the world we have made for ourselves. Maybe if we could resolutely gaze wide-eyed at our lives we would come to know what we really are. But that would stop the showy attraction we are inclined to think will run forever. 8

接受前述陈述中包含某些真理,或者至少为了继续当前的叙述,我们似乎正是扎普夫四种压制意识计划的狂热信徒:隔离(“活着还算不错”)、锚定(“在上帝庇佑下的国度,拥有家庭、道德和所有人的天然生存权”)、分心(“消磨时间总比自杀好”)、升华(“我正在写一本书,书名叫《针对人类的阴谋》”)。这些手段使我们成为一种机智灵活、能够“为自己好”而自欺的生物。隔离、锚定、分心和升华正是我们用来避免揭穿一切幻象的诡计,而正是这些幻象维持着我们的运转。没有这种认知上的自欺欺人,我们就会暴露自己的真实面目。那就像是看着镜子,突然间看到皮肤下的头骨正对自己露出讽刺的微笑。而在头骨之下——只有黑暗,虚无。我们感到某种存在,因此我们觉得自己还在,但实际上却什么也没有——这种诡异的悖论,一瞥之间便是全部的恐怖。我们世界的一角被揭开,露出的却是嘎吱作响的荒凉——一个游乐场,所有的游乐设施都在运转,但座位上却空无一人。我们缺席于我们为自己打造的世界。也许,如果我们能够毫不退缩、睁大双眼直视自己的生活,我们就能认清自己的本质。但那样做,就会终止我们误以为会永远持续下去的华丽表演。

Pessimism I
点击展开/折叠英语原文 Along with every other tendentious mindset, pessimism may be construed as a fluke of temperament, a shifty word that will just have to do until a better one comes along. Without the temperament that was given to them in large portion, pessimists would not see existence as basically undesirable. Optimists may have fugitive doubts about the basic desirability of existence, but pessimists never doubt that existence is basically undesirable. If you interrupted them in the middle of an ecstatic moment, which pessimists do have, and asked if existence is basically undesirable, they would reply "Of course" before returning to their ecstasy. Why they should answer in this way is a closed book. The conclusions to which temperament lead an individual, whether or not they are conclusions refractory to those of world society, are simply not subject to analysis.

与所有其他带有倾向性的思维方式一样,悲观主义可以被理解为一种气质上的偶然现象,一个权宜之词,在更好的词出现之前,它只能暂时充当这个角色。如果没有大量赋予他们的这种气质,悲观主义者就不会认为存在本质上是令人不快的。乐观主义者可能对存在的基本可取性抱有短暂的怀疑,但悲观主义者从不怀疑存在本质上是令人不快的。如果你在他们进入狂喜状态(悲观主义者也会有这种状态)时打断他们,并询问存在是否本质上是令人不快的,他们会在回到狂喜状态之前回答“当然”。他们为什么会这样回答,这是一个谜。气质引导个体得出的结论,无论这些结论是否与社会主流的结论相悖,都根本无法进行分析。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Composed of the same dross as all mortals, the pessimist cleaves to whatever seems to validate his thoughts and emotions. Scarce among us are those who not only want to think they are right, but also expect others to affirm their least notion as unassailable. Pessimists are no exception. But they are few and do not show up on the radar of our race. Immune to the blandishments of religions, countries, families, and everything else that puts both average and above-average citizens in the limelight, pessimists are sideliners in both history and the media. Without belief in gods or ghosts, unmotivated by a comprehensive delusion, they could never plant a bomb, plan a revolution, or shed blood for a cause.

悲观主义者和所有凡人一样,都是由同样的糟粕构成的,他们紧抓住任何似乎能证实其思想和情感的东西。我们当中很少有人不仅想认为自己是对的,还期望别人肯定他们最微不足道的想法是无可辩驳的。悲观主义者也不例外。但他们人数很少,不会出现在我们种族的雷达上。他们对宗教、国家、家庭以及其他一切将普通和高于普通公民置于聚光灯下的事物都免疫,他们在历史和媒体中都是旁观者。由于不相信神或鬼,不受全面妄想的驱使,他们永远不可能安放炸弹、策划革命或为某个事业流血。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Identical with religions that ask of their believers more than they can possibly make good on, pessimism is a set of ideals that none can follow to the letter. Those who indict a pessimist of either pathology or intellectual recalcitrance are only faking their competence to explain what cannot be explained: the mystery of why individuals are the way they are. To some extent, however, why some individuals are the way they are is not a full-fledged mystery. There are traits that run in families—legacies lurking in the genes of one generation that may profit or impair those of another. Philosophical pessimism has been called a maladaptation by those who are concerned with such things. This call seems indisputably correct. The possibility must be considered, then, that there is a genetic marker for philosophical pessimism that nature has all but deselected from our race so that we may keep on living as we have all these years. Allowing for the theory that pessimism is weakly hereditary, and is getting weaker all the time because it is maladaptive, the genes that make up the fiber of ordinary folk may someday celebrate an everlasting triumph over those of the congenitally pessimistic, ridding nature of all worry that its protocol of survival and reproduction for its most conscious species will be challenged—unless Zapffe is right and consciousness itself is maladaptive, making philosophical pessimism the correct call despite its unpopularity among those who think, or say they think, that being alive is all right. But psychobiographers do not often take what is adaptive or maladaptive for our species into account when writing of a chosen member of the questionably dying breed of pessimists. To them, their subject's temperament has a twofold inception: (1) life stories of tribulation, even though the pessimistic caste has no sorrows exclusive to it; (2) intractable wrongheadedness, a charge that pessimists could turn against optimists if the argumentum ad populum were not the world's favorite fallacy.

与那些要求信徒做出超出他们能力范围的宗教相似,悲观主义是一套没有人能够完全遵循的理想。那些指责悲观主义者患有病态或者固执己见的人,只是在假装他们有能力解释无法解释的事情:个体为何会成为现在这样的奥秘。然而,在某种程度上,为什么某些个体会成为现在这样并非完全是个奥秘。有些特质在家族中延续——潜伏在一代人基因中的遗产可能会使下一代受益或受损。哲学悲观主义被关注此类问题的人称为一种不良适应。这种说法似乎无可争议地正确。因此,必须考虑这种可能性:存在一种哲学悲观主义的基因标记,自然已经几乎从我们的种族中淘汰了这种标记,以便我们能够继续像过去这些年一样生活下去。假设悲观主义在遗传上的影响较弱,并且由于它是不良适应而变得越来越弱,那么构成普通人纤维的基因可能有朝一日会永远战胜先天悲观主义者的基因,消除自然界对其最有意识物种的生存和繁殖协议会受到挑战的所有忧虑——除非扎普夫是对的,意识本身就是不良适应,使得哲学悲观主义尽管不受那些认为或自称认为活着没问题的人欢迎,却是正确的判断。但是心理传记作家在写作他们所选择的可疑濒临灭绝的悲观主义者时,通常不会考虑什么对我们的物种是适应性或不适应性的。对他们来说,研究对象的气质有两重起源:(1)艰难困苦的生活故事,尽管悲观主义阶层并没有专属于它的悲伤;(2)顽固的错误观念,这一指控如果不是诉诸众人的谬误是世界上最受欢迎的谬误的话,悲观主义者也可以对乐观主义者提出。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 The major part of our species seems able to undergo any trauma without significantly re-examining its household mantras, including "everything happens for a reason," "the show must go on," "accept the things you cannot change," and any other adage that gets people to keep their chins up. But pessimists cannot give themselves over to this program, and its catchwords stick in their throats. To them, the Creation is objectionable and useless on principle—the worst possible dispatch of bad news. It seems so bad, so wrong, that, should such authority be unwisely placed into their hands, they would make it a prosecutable malfeasance to produce a being who might turn out to be a pessimist.

我们这个物种中的大多数人似乎能够经历任何创伤,而不会对他们那些习以为常的口号进行深入反思,比如“凡事皆有因果”“演出必须继续”“接受你无法改变的事物”,以及任何其他让人振作起来的格言。然而,悲观主义者无法顺从这一套说辞,这些口号对他们而言如鲠在喉。对他们来说,创造本身就是原则上不可接受且毫无意义的——最糟糕的坏消息以最坏的方式传达。他们认为这一切糟糕至极、错误至极,以至于如果他们轻率地被赋予这样的权力,他们会将生育一个可能成为悲观主义者的生命视为一种应受起诉的渎职行为。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Disenfranchised by nature, pessimists feel that they have been impressed into this world by the reproductive liberty of positive thinkers who are ever-thoughtful of the future. At whatever point in time one is situated, the future always looks better than the present, just as the present looks better than the past. No one today would write, as did the British essayist Thomas De Quincey in the early nineteenth century: "A quarter of man's misery is toothache." Knowing what we know of the progress toward the alleviation of human misery throughout history, who would damn their children to have a piteous toothache in the early nineteenth century, or in times before it, back to the days when Homo sapiens with toothaches scrounged to feed themselves and shivered in the cold? To the regret of pessimists, our primitive ancestors could not see that theirs was not a time in which to produce children.

被自然排除在外,悲观主义者感到他们被那些永远着眼于未来的乐观思考者的生殖自由强行带入这个世界。无论一个人处于何种时间点,未来总是看起来比现在更好,正如现在看起来比过去更好。如今没有人会像十九世纪早期的英国散文家托马斯·德·昆西那样写道:”人类四分之一的痛苦是牙痛。”考虑到我们对历史上减轻人类痛苦的进步的了解,谁会诅咒自己的孩子在十九世纪早期或更早的时期遭受可怜的牙痛,回到那些患有牙痛的智人艰难觅食并在寒冷中颤抖的日子?令悲观主义者遗憾的是,我们的原始祖先无法看到,他们所处的时代并不适合生育孩子。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 So at what time was it that people knew enough to say, "This is the time in which to produce children''? When did we think that enough progress had been made toward the alleviation of human misery that children could be produced without our being torn by a crisis of conscience? The easy years of the Pharaohs and Western antiquity? The lazy days of the Dark Ages? The palmy decades of the Industrial Revolution as well as the other industry-driven periods that followed? The breakthrough era in which advancements in dentistry allayed humanity of one-quarter of its misery?

那么,究竟是在什么时候,人们才有足够的理由说:“现在是生育子女的合适时机”?我们是在何时认为,人类在缓解苦难方面已取得足够进展,以至于可以毫无良心上的挣扎去生育子女?是在法老统治下的安逸岁月,还是西方古代的黄金时代?是在黑暗时代的悠闲时光,还是工业革命及其后续各个产业驱动时期的繁荣年代?是在那个突破性的时代——牙科的进步消除了人类四分之一的痛苦?

点击展开/折叠英语原文 But few or none have ever had a crisis of conscience about producing children, because all children have been born at the best possible time in human history, or at least the one in which the most progress toward the alleviation of human misery has been made, which is always the time in which we live and have lived. While we have always looked back on previous times and thought that their progress toward the alleviation of human misery was not enough for us to want to live then, we do not know any better than the earliest Homo sapiens about what progress toward the alleviation of human misery will be made in the future, reasonably presuming that such progress will be made. And even though we may speculate about that progress, we feel no resentment about not being able to take advantage of it, or not many of us do. Nor will those of the future resent not living in the world of their future because even greater progress toward the alleviation of human misery will by then have been made in medicine, social conditions, political arrangements, and other areas that are almost universally regarded as domains in which human life could be better.

但几乎没有人因生育子女而产生良心危机,因为所有的孩子都在整个人类历史上最好的时代出生,或者至少是在缓解人类痛苦方面取得最多进展的时代,而这个时代总是我们所生活和曾经生活的时代。我们总是回顾过去,认为当时在缓解人类痛苦方面的进展不足以让我们愿意生活在那个时代,但我们对未来在这方面会取得多少进展并不比最早的智人知道得更多,尽管合理地推测,这种进展将会发生。即使我们可能对这种进展进行推测,我们也不会因此而对自己无法受益感到怨恨,或者至少大多数人不会。未来的人们也不会因为未能生活在他们未来的世界而感到怨恨,因为到那时,在医学、社会状况、政治制度以及其他几乎普遍被认为可以改善人类生活的领域中,缓解人类痛苦的进展将会更进一步。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Will there ever be an end of the line in our progress toward the alleviation of human misery when people can honestly say, "This is without doubt the time produce children"? And will that really be the time? No one would say, or even want to think that theirs is a time in which people will look back on them from the future and thank their stars that they did not live in such a barbaric age that had made so little progress toward the alleviation of human misery and still produced children. As if anyone ever cared or will ever care, this is what the pessimist would say: "There has never been and never will be a time in which to produce children. Now will forever be a bad time for doing that." Moreover, the pessimist would advise each of us not to look too far into the future or we will see the reproachful faces of the unborn looking back at us from the radiant mist of their nonexistence.

我们的进步是否会在缓解人类痛苦的道路上最终抵达终点,以至于人们能够诚实地说:“毫无疑问,现在是生育子女的合适时机”?而那真的是合适的时机吗?没有人会愿意认为,或者哪怕去想,他们所处的时代会被未来的人回顾,并庆幸自己没有生活在这样一个野蛮的年代——一个在缓解人类痛苦方面进展如此之少,却依然生育子女的时代。正如悲观主义者所言:“从来没有,也永远不会有一个适合生育的时代。‘现在’永远是个糟糕的时机。”此外,悲观主义者还会劝诫我们,不要把目光投向过远的未来,否则我们会在那光辉弥漫的虚无之中,看到未出生者责备的目光回望着我们。

Pessimism II
点击展开/折叠英语原文 In his lengthy study Pessimism (1877), James Sully wrote that "a just and correct estimate of life is to be looked for" in "views . . . which lean neither to the favourable nor the unfavourable pole." By this claim, Sully erred in his otherwise able dissection of his subject. People are either pessimists or optimists. They forcefully "lean" one way or the other, and there is no common ground between them. For pessimists, life is something that should not be, which means that what they believe should be is the absence of life, nothing, non—being, the emptiness of the uncreated. Anyone who speaks up for life as something that irrefutably should be-that we would not be better off unborn, extinct, or forever lazing in nonexistence—is an optimist. It is all or nothing; one is in or one is out, abstractly speaking. Practically speaking, we have been a race of optimists since the nascency of human consciousness and lean like mad toward the favorable pole.

在其冗长的研究著作《悲观主义》(1877)中,詹姆斯·萨利(James Sully)写道:“对生命的公正而正确的评价,应当在既不偏向乐观亦不偏向悲观的观点中寻找。”然而,在这一观点上,萨利在其对悲观主义这一主题的深刻剖析中犯了错误。人要么是悲观主义者,要么是乐观主义者。他们都会坚定地“倾向”某一方,而在两者之间并无共同立场。对悲观主义者而言,生命是一种不应存在的东西,这意味着他们所认为应当存在的,是生命的缺席、虚无、非存在、未被创造的空无。任何主张生命理应存在、认为我们未曾出生、灭绝或永远沉寂于虚无中并不会更好的人,都是乐观主义者。这是非此即彼的选择;从抽象意义上说,人要么在其中,要么在其外。而从实际情况来看,自人类意识诞生之初,我们便一直是一种乐观主义的种族,并且疯狂地倾向于乐观的一极。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 More stylish in his examination of pessimism than Sully is the American novelist and part-time philosopher Edgar Saltus, whose Philosophy of Disenchantment (1885) and </>The Anatomy of Negation</i> (1886) were written for those who treasure philosophical and literary works of a pessimistic, nihilistic, or defeatist nature as indispensable to their existence. In Saltus's estimation, a "just and correct view of human life" would justly and correctly determine human life as that which should not be.

在对悲观主义的探讨上,美国小说家兼兼职哲学家埃德加·萨尔特斯比萨利更具风格。他的《幻灭哲学》(1885年)和《否定的解剖》(1886年)是为那些将充满悲观、虚无或失败主义色彩的哲学与文学作品视为生命中不可或缺之物的读者而写的。在萨尔特斯看来,对人类生命的“公正而正确的看法”应当公正而正确地断定,人类生命本不该存在。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Controverting the absolutist standards of pessimism and optimism as outlined above are "heroic" pessimists, or rather heroic "pessimists." These are self-styled pessimists who take into consideration Sully's unfavorable pole but are not committed to its entailment that life is something that should not be. In his Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Nations (1913), the Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno speaks of consciousness as a disease bred by a conflict between the rational and the irrational. The rational is identified with the conclusions of consciousness, primarily that we will all die. The irrational represents all that is vital in humanity, including a universal desire for immortality in either a physical or nonphysical state. The coexistence of the rational and the irrational turns the human experience into a wrangle of contradictions to which we can bow our heads in resignation or defy as heroes of futility. Unamuno's penchant was for the heroic course, with the implied precondition that one has the physical and psychological spunk for the fight. In line with Unamuno, Joshua Foa Dienstag, author of Pessimism: Philosophy, Ethic, Spirit (2006), is also a proselytizer for a healthy, heroic pessimism (quotes implied) that faces up to much of the dispiriting lowdown on life, all radically pessimistic visions being cropped out of the picture, and marches on toward a future believed to be personally and politically workable. Also siding with this never-say-die group is William R. Brashear, whose The Desolation of Reality (1995) concludes with a format for redemption, however partial and imperfect, by holding tight to what he calls "tragic humanism," which recognizes human life's "ostensible insignificance, but also the necessity of proceeding as if this were not so, . . . willfully nourishing and sustaining the underlying illusions of value and order." How we nourish and sustain illusions of value and order in our lives is explained in Zapffe's "The Last Messiah." How we might nourish and sustain at will what we know to be illusions without a covenant of ignominious pretense among us is not explained by Brashear and has never been explained by anyone else who espouses this façon de vivre. Not in the same class of pessimism as the anti-natalist Zapffe—Unamuno, Dienstag, and Brashear meet existence more than halfway, safely joined in solidarity with both ordinary and sophisticated folk, who take their lumps like grown-ups and by doing so retain their status with the status quo. Attuned as they may be to the pessimist's attitude that lifeis something which should not be, they do not approve of it. But Unamuno, Dienstag, and Brashear's solution to the pessimist's rejection of life puts us in the same paradoxical bind that Zapffe sees in human existence, that is, living with the pretense that being alive is all right. The only difference is that Unamuno, Dienstag, and Brashear knowingly accede to a pretense that ordinary folk shirk knowing, at least as a general rule, because even average mortals are sometimes forced to admit this pretense—they just do not linger over it long enough to make it a philosophical point of pride and sing their own praises for doing so.

反对上述悲观主义和乐观主义的绝对标准的是“英雄式”悲观主义者,或者说是英雄式的“悲观主义者”。这些自称悲观主义者的人接受萨利所指的不利极端,但并不认同其必然结论,即生命是不应存在的。在《人类与民族的悲剧情感》(1913年)一书中,西班牙作家米格尔·德·乌纳穆诺(Miguel de Unamuno)将意识描述为一种疾病,源于理性与非理性的冲突。理性被归结为意识的结论,最主要的是我们终将死去这一事实;非理性则代表人类一切具有生命力的东西,包括对肉体或非肉体形态的永生的普遍渴望。理性与非理性的共存使人类的体验变成一场充满矛盾的争斗,我们可以选择低头认命,或者作为徒劳的英雄进行抗争。乌纳穆诺倾向于后者,并认为前提是个体需具备足够的生理和心理勇气。与乌纳穆诺观点一致的还有约书亚·福阿·丁斯塔格(Joshua Foa Dienstag),他在《悲观主义:哲学、伦理、精神》(2006)一书中倡导一种健康的、英雄式的悲观主义(加引号),这种态度直面生活中的许多令人沮丧的现实,同时又将所有极端的悲观主义视角排除在外,并朝着一个在个人和政治层面上都可行的未来前进。另一位持相同立场的是威廉·R·布拉舍尔(William R. Brashear),他在《现实的荒凉》(1995)一书的结论部分提出了一种尽管不完美但仍可行的救赎方式,即坚守他所谓的“悲剧人文主义”(tragic humanism)。这种立场承认人类生命的“表面上的微不足道”,但也认为必须像这一点并不存在一样继续前行,“有意识地滋养并维持价值与秩序的基本幻象。” 我们如何在生活中滋养并维持价值与秩序的幻象,扎普夫在《最后的弥赛亚》中给出了答案。然而,如何在不与他人订立可耻的欺瞒契约的情况下,主动滋养并维持我们明知是虚假的东西,布拉舍尔没有解释,也没有任何其他支持这种生活方式的人作出解释。与反出生主义者扎普夫不属同一类别的悲观主义者——乌纳穆诺、丁斯塔格和布拉舍尔——对存在采取了较为妥协的态度,他们与普通人及思想精英站在一起,像成熟的大人那样接受生活的打击,并以此保有自己在社会现状中的地位。他们或许对悲观主义者认为生命不应存在的态度有所共鸣,但并不认可这一观点。然而,乌纳穆诺、丁斯塔格和布拉舍尔对悲观主义者拒绝生命的回应,使我们陷入扎普夫所指出的同样的悖论,即在生存的同时假装活着是可以接受的。唯一的区别在于,乌纳穆诺、丁斯塔格和布拉舍尔是有意识地接受这种假象,而普通人则通常避免去意识到这一点——尽管即便是普通人,有时也会被迫承认这一点,只不过他们不会长时间地深究,更不会将其视为一种哲学上的荣耀,并为此自我颂扬。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 A philosophical cohort of Unamuno, Dienstag, and Brashear is the French existentialist writer Albert Camus. In his essay The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) Camus represents the unattainable goal of the title figure as an apologetic for going on with life rather than ending it. As he insists in his discussion of this gruesome parable, "We must imagine Sisyphus as happy" as he rolls his boulder to the top of mountain from which it always tumbles down again and again and again to his despair. The credo of the Church Father Tertullian, "I believe because it is absurd," might justly be placed in the context of Camus's belief that being alive is all right, or all right enough, though it may be absurd. Indeed, the connection has not been overlooked. Caught between the irrationality of the Carthaginian and the intellectuality of the Frenchman, Zapffe's proposal that we put out the light of the human race extends to us an antidote for our existential infirmities that is infinitely more satisfying than that of either Tertullian or his avatar Camus, the latter of whom meditated on suicide as a philosophical issue for the individual yet did not entertain the advantages of an all-out attrition of the species. By not doing so, one might conclude that Camus was only being practical. In the end, though, his insistence that we must imagine Sisyphus as happy is as impractical as it is feculent. Like Unamuno, Dienstag, and Brashear, Camus believed we can assume a view of life that can content us with the tragedy, nightmare, and meaninglessness of human existence. Camus may have been able to assume this view of life before his life ended in a vehicular misadventure, but he must have been jesting to pose it as a possibility or a duty for the world.

法国存在主义作家阿尔贝·加缪可被视为乌纳穆诺、丁斯塔格和布拉希尔的哲学同侪。在他的随笔《西西弗神话》(1942)中,加缪将标题人物那永不可得的目标视作一种为继续活下去而非自我终结的辩护。他在这则残酷寓言的论述中坚持道:“我们必须想象西西弗是幸福的”,尽管他不断地将巨石推向山顶,而巨石又总是一次又一次地滚落,使他陷入无尽的绝望。教父特尔图良的信条“我信仰,因为这荒谬”或许可以放在加缪的思想背景中——他认为活着尚且可以接受,或者说足够可以接受,即便它是荒谬的。事实上,这一联系早已被人注意到。迦太基人的非理性与法国人的理性之间,扎普夫提出的方案——熄灭人类的火光——为我们的生存困境提供了一种远比特尔图良及其化身加缪更令人满意的解毒剂。加缪思考自杀这一哲学问题时,着眼于个体,却未曾考虑过整体性的人类消逝所可能带来的益处。从某种意义上讲,他或许只是现实主义者。但最终,他那“我们必须想象西西弗是幸福的”这句断言,既不现实,也充满了污秽。与乌纳穆诺、丁斯塔格和布拉希尔一样,加缪相信人可以采取一种人生观,使自己对人类生存的悲剧、噩梦和虚无感到满足。或许在他因车祸去世之前,他还能维持这一人生观,但他竟然将其视为一个可能性,甚至是一种对世界的义务,这未免近乎戏谑。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 It would be a sign of callowness to bemoan the fact that pessimistic writers do not rate and may be reprehended in both good conscience and good company. Some critics of the pessimist often think they have his back to the wall when they blithely jeer, "If that is how this fellow feels, he should either kill himself or be decried as a hypocrite." That the pessimist should kill himself in order to live up to his ideas may be counterattacked as betraying such a crass intellect that it does not deserve a response. Yet it is not much of a chore to produce one. Simply because someone has reached the conclusion that the amount of suffering in this world is enough that anyone would be better off never having been born does not mean that by force of logic or sincerity he must kill himself. It only means he has concluded that the amount of suffering in this world is enough that anyone would be better off never having been born. Others may disagree on this point as it pleases them, but they must accept that if they believe themselves to have a stronger case than the pessimist, then they are mistaken.

要哀叹悲观主义作家不受重视,并且可能在良知和体面的陪伴下遭到谴责,这只能算是稚嫩的表现。一些批评悲观主义者的人常自以为将其逼入绝境,轻率地嘲讽道:“如果这个家伙有这样的感受,他要么该自杀,要么就该被斥为伪君子。” 认为悲观主义者应当自杀以兑现其理念,这种看法之粗鄙,简直不值得回应。然而,回应它也并非难事。仅仅因为某人得出结论,认为这个世界上的痛苦已经多到足以使任何人都宁可从未出生,并不意味着他出于逻辑或真诚就必须自杀。这只意味着他得出了这样的结论——世界上的痛苦足以使任何人都宁可从未出生。其他人可以随意对此持不同意见,但他们必须承认,如果他们自认为比悲观主义者的立场更有力,那他们就错了。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Naturally, there are pessimists who do kill themselves, but nothing obliges them to kill themselves or live with the mark of the hypocrite on their brow. Voluntary death might seem a thoroughly negative course of action, but it is not as simple as that. Every negation is adulterated or stealthily launched by an affirmative spirit. An unequivocal "no" cannot be uttered or acted upon. Lucifer's last words in heaven may have been "Non serviam," but none has served the Almighty so dutifully, since His sideshow in the clouds would never draw any customers if it were not for the main attraction of the devil's hell on earth. Only catatonics and coma patients can persevere in a dignified withdrawal from life's rattle and hum. Without a "yes" in our hearts, nothing would be done. And to be done with our existence en masse would be the most ambitious affirmation of all.

当然,确实有悲观主义者选择自杀,但他们既无义务自杀,也无需背负伪善者的污名而苟活。自愿的死亡或许看似一种彻底的否定之举,但事实并非如此简单。任何否定都掺杂着某种肯定,或隐秘地由肯定的精神所驱动。一个毫不含糊的“否”既无法被言说,也无法被践行。路西法在天堂留下的最后一句话或许是“Non serviam”(我不服侍),但没有人比他更尽职地侍奉全能者,因为如果没有魔鬼在地狱的主场吸引顾客,他在云端的副业就永远不会有任何生意。唯有紧闭于自身的木僵者与昏迷者,方能体面地坚持退出生命的喧嚣与骚动。倘若我们心中毫无“是”的成分,便不会有任何行动。而彻底了结我们自身的存在,将会是最雄心勃勃的肯定之举。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Most people think that vitality is betokened only by such phenomena as people in their eighties who hike mountain trails or nations that build empires. This way of thinking is simply naive, but it keeps up our morale because we like to imagine we will be able to hike mountain trails when we are in our eighties or live as citizens of a nation that has built an empire. And so the denunciations of critics who say the pessimist should kill himself or be decried as a hypocrite make every kind of sense in a world of card-carrying or crypto optimists. Once this is understood, the pessimist can spare himself from suffering more than he need at the hands of "normal people," a confederation of upstanding creatures who in concert keep the conspiracy going. This is not to say that such individuals do not suffer so much and in such a way that they sometimes kill themselves, possibly even more per capita than do pessimists, or that because they kill themselves they are hypocrites for ever having said that anyone is better off for having been born. It is only to say that when normal individuals kill themselves, even after having said that anyone is better off for having been born, they are disqualified as normal individuals, because normal individuals do not kill themselves but until their dying day think that being alive is all right and that happiness will stand out in the existence of life's newcomers, who, it is always assumed, will be as normal as they are.

大多数人认为,生命力只能通过某些现象来体现,比如八十多岁仍能徒步登山的人,或者建立帝国的国家。这种想法实在是天真,但它能维持我们的士气,因为我们喜欢想象自己在八十岁时仍能徒步登山,或者能够作为一个建立了帝国的国家的公民而生活。因此,那些批评者的指责——说悲观主义者要么应该自杀,要么应当被斥为伪君子——在一个充斥着公开或隐秘乐观主义者的世界里是完全合乎逻辑的。一旦理解了这一点,悲观主义者就可以避免在“正常人”手中承受不必要的痛苦。这些“正常人”是一群正派的生物,他们齐心协力维持着这场阴谋。这并不是说,这些个体不会经历极大的痛苦,以至于他们有时会自杀,甚至可能比悲观主义者的自杀率更高;也不是说,因为他们自杀了,就意味着他们曾经宣称“任何人出生都是幸运的”是虚伪的。这只是说,当所谓的“正常人”自杀时,即便他们曾宣称“任何人出生都是幸运的”,他们也随之被取消了“正常人”的资格,因为“正常人”不会自杀——他们直到生命的最后一天,都认为活着还算不错,并且坚信幸福会在未来生命的新来者身上显现,而这些新来者理所当然地会像他们一样正常。

Blundering
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