《针对人类的阴谋:恐怖的诡计》救赎的异类
[ 经典 ]

作者:托马斯·利戈蒂(Thomas Ligotti)
译者:0suffering(注:译自英语原著The Conspiracy Against The Human Race: A Contrivance Of Horror

Freaks of Salvation

救赎的异类

本章小节

Down-Going(沉沦) | Futurephilia(未来迷恋症)

Down-Going

沉沦

点击展开/折叠英语原文 "Depressing" is the adjective that ordinary folk affix to the life-perspectives expressed by men such as Zapffe, Schopenhauer, and Lovecraft. The doctrines of world-class religions, dolorous as they may be, will never be thus defamed, because they are perceived to be "uplifting" by ordinary folk. Panglossian falsehoods convene the crowd; discouraging truths disperse it. The reason: It is depression not madness that cows us, demoralization not insanity that we dread, disillusionment of the mind not its derangement that imperils our culture of hope. An epidemic of depression would quiet those chattering voices in our heads, stopping life dead in its tracks. Providentially, we are endowed with enough manic enthusiasm to keep us plowing onward and making more of ourselves, bragging all the while about what billions of years of evolution have bidden every species to do anyway.

“沮丧”是普通人给像扎普夫、叔本华和洛夫克拉夫特这样的思想家所表达的人生观贴上的形容词。世界级宗教的教义再悲苦,也从未遭此诋毁,因为在普通人看来,它们是“振奋人心”的。庞格洛斯式的谎言1能聚拢人群;令人气馁的真相则驱散他们。原因在于:让我们心生畏惧的不是疯狂,而是抑郁;让我们害怕的不是失去理智,而是意志消沉;威胁我们希望文化的并非心智的错乱,而是心智的幻灭。一场抑郁的流行足以让脑中喋喋不休的声音归于寂静,让生命停滞不前。幸运的是,我们天生拥有足够的亢奋与热情,驱使我们不断前行、不断扩张自己,并一路夸耀那些本就是数十亿年进化早已命定的一切。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Zapffe, Schopenhauer, and Lovecraft fared well enough without surrendering themselves to life-affirming hysterics. This is a risky thing for anyone to do, but it is even more risky for writers, because anti-vital convictions will demote their work to a lower archive than that of wordsmiths who capitulate to positive thinking, or at least follow the maxim of being equivocal when speaking of our species. Everyone wants to keep the door open on the possibility that our lives are not MALIGNANTLY USELESS. Even highly educated readers do not want to be told that their lives are an evolutionary contingency—and nothing else—and that meaning is not what people think it means.

扎普夫、叔本华和洛夫克拉夫特并未向那些肯定生命的歇斯底里屈服,他们依然过得足够好。这样做对任何人来说都是一件冒险的事,但对作家而言更是危险,因为反生命的信念会使他们的作品被贬到比那些屈从于积极思维的文字匠——或者至少在谈论人类时保持含糊其辞的人——更低的档案层级。每个人都想给一种可能性留下一扇门:即我们的生命并非恶性地无用。即便是受过高度教育的读者,也不愿意被告知,他们的生命只不过是进化的偶然产物——除此之外再无其他——而且“意义”根本不是人们以为的那个意思。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 For Schopenhauer, the fallout from his negations has been that he takes up far less floor space in the museum of modem thought than does his fellow German and antagonist Friedrich Nietzsche. Schopenhauer promises nothing but extinction for the individual following the postmortem recall of his "true nature" as a tiny parcel of the personless and ever-roiling Will. Nietzsche borrows from religion and sermonizes that, although we will not be delivered into the afterlives of his ecclesiastic models, we must be willing in spirit to reprise this life again and again to its tiniest detail for all etemity. As unappealing as repeating our lives even once may seem to some of us, we are not the ones who make a writer's reputation. This is the bailiwick of philosophical trendsetters, who discovered in Nietzsche the most spellbinding conundrum in the history of the mind. All the better for the perseverance of his corpus, which has supplied his exegetes with lifetimes of interpretation, argumentation, and general schismatic disharmony—all the purposeful activities that any religionist, with or without a deity, goes for.

对叔本华而言,他否定性思想的后果是:在现代思想的博物馆里,他所占的空间远远小于他的同胞兼对手——弗里德里希·尼采。叔本华许诺的仅仅是:在死后回归自身“真正的本质”——那作为无我、永恒翻腾的意志中微不足道的一小块个体——之后,等待个体的只有灭绝。而尼采则借鉴宗教的方式,像布道者般宣称:虽然我们不会被带入那些神职人员所塑造的来世,但我们必须在精神上愿意将此生一遍又一遍地重演至最细微之处,直到永恒。即便对我们当中的一些人来说,哪怕只重复一次自己的生命都令人厌恶,但决定作家声誉的却并不是我们。这是哲学潮流引领者的领地,他们在尼采身上发现了思想史上最令人着迷的难题。这对他的作品得以延续无疑是好事,它为阐释者们提供了毕生的解读、争论与分裂性的纷争——所有这些有目的的活动,正是任何宗教人士,无论是否有神,都趋之若鹜的东西。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Among other things, Nietzsche is famed as a promoter of human survival, just as long as enough of the survivors follow his lead as a perverted pessimist—one who has consecrated himself to loving life exactly because it is the worst thing imaginable, a sadomasochistic joyride through the twists and turns of being unto death. Nietzsche had no problem with human existence as a tragedy born of consciousness—parent of all horrors. This irregular pessimism is the antinomy of the "normal" pessimism of Schopenhauer, who is philosophy's red-headed stepchild because he is unequivocally on record as having said that being alive is not—and can never be—all right. Even his most admiring commentators, who do not find the technical aspects of his output to be off-putting, pull up when he openly waxes pessimistic or descants on the Will as an unself-consciously stern master of all being, a cretinous force that makes everything do what it does, an imbecilic puppeteer that sustains the ruckus of our world. For these offenses, his stature is rather low compared to that of other major thinkers, as is that of all philosophers who bear an unconcealed grudge against life.

在诸多事迹中,尼采因被视为人类存续的鼓吹者而声名在外——前提是幸存者中有足够多人愿意追随他,作为一种“变态的悲观主义者”:一个将自己奉献于热爱生命的人,恰恰是因为生命是所能想象的最糟糕的东西,是一场直至死亡的施虐受虐式狂欢,在存在的曲折中翻滚不息。尼采丝毫不介意把人类存在看作是由意识所孕育的悲剧——而意识正是一切恐怖的母体。这种不合常规的悲观主义,恰好是叔本华那种“正常”悲观主义的对立面。后者成了哲学界的“红发继子”2,因为他明确无误地表示过:活着并不好——而且永远也不会好。即便是他最钦佩的评论者,在不觉得他著作的技术层面令人却步的同时,一旦他公开渲染悲观情绪,或是高声谈论意志作为一切存在的无意识的严厉主宰——这种愚蠢的力量迫使万物为所为,像个白痴木偶师维持着世间的喧嚣——他们也会停下脚步。正因这些“罪过”,他的地位相比其他主要思想家要低得多,而所有对生命怀有赤裸敌意的哲学家们,地位同样也偏低。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Although both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche spoke only to an audience of atheists, Schopenhauer erred—from a public relations stance—by not according human beings any special status among the world of things organic and inorganic or trucking in any meaning to our existence. Contra Schopenhauer, Nietzsche not only took religious readings of life seriously enough to deprecate them at great length, but was hellbent on replacing them with goal-oriented values and a sense of meaning that even nonbelievers beg for like dogs—some project in which individuals may lose (or find) themselves.

虽然叔本华和尼采都只对无神论者发表过言论,但叔本华在“公关”层面上犯了一个错误——他既没有赋予人类在有机与无机万物之中任何特殊地位,也没有为我们的存在赋予任何意义。与叔本华相反,尼采不仅足够认真地对待过宗教式的人生解读,甚至长篇大论地加以贬斥,而且他还执意要用一种目标导向的价值观和意义感来取而代之——即便是不信神的人,也会像狗一样乞求这种东西:一个能让个体在其中迷失(或找到)自我的宏大计划。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Key to Nietzsche's popularity with atheistic amoralists is his materialistic mysticism, a sleight of mind that makes the world's meaninglessness into something meaningful and refashions fate into freedom before our eyes. As for Schopenhauer's cattle-drive existence in which an unknowable force (the Will) herds us along—that had to go. In the form of a diverting fiction, it might well be worth its conceptual weight in shivers of uncanny horror; but as a proposed reality, it is self-evidently depressing.

尼采之所以深受无神论的“非道德主义者”欢迎,关键在于他那种物质主义的神秘主义——一种心智的戏法,把世界的无意义转化为某种有意义的东西,并在我们眼前把命运改造为自由。至于叔本华所描绘的那种“赶牛式”的生存——一个不可知的力量(即意志)驱赶着我们前行——那必须被摒弃。作为一种消遣性的虚构,它或许凭借其概念分量,值得让人打几阵诡异的寒颤;但若被当作现实来提出,那显然只会令人沮丧。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 In confederacy with those whom he believed himself to have surpassed in the race toward an undefined destiny, Nietzsche did what he could to keep the human pageant strolling toward . . . wherever. Even though he had the clarity of mind to recognize that values did not grow on trees nor were writ on stone tablets, he duped himself into thinking that it was possible to create them. But how these values would be created and what they would be he could not say. After demolishing the life-rejecting faith of the Crucified, Nietzsche handed down his own commandments through the Antichrist-like messiah Zarathustra, who was groomed to take over Christianity's administration of the Western world and keep it afloat with counterfeit funds. Carrying around a sackload of unrealities from here to the eternal return, perhaps no one has ever been as "normal" as Nietzsche.

尼采把自己看作是在奔向某个说不清的未来命运的赛跑中领先的人,他尽力让人类这场大戏继续往前走……不管最后要走到哪儿去。虽然他也很清楚,所谓的“价值”既不是天上掉下来的,也不是刻在石头上的,但他还是骗了自己——觉得人类是可以创造价值的。至于这些价值该怎么造,又会长成什么样,他自己其实也说不清楚。

在推翻了那个“被钉在十字架上的人”所代表的拒绝生命的信仰之后,尼采抛出了他自己的“新戒律”,通过一个反基督式的救世主——查拉图斯特拉——来宣告。查拉图斯特拉被塑造成要接管基督教在西方世界的角色,用一堆空头支票来支撑整个世界。背着一袋子虚无幻想,从这里一路走到所谓的“永恒轮回”,或许从某种意义上说,没有谁比尼采更“正常”了。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Why did this nay-saying yes-man believe it was so important to keep up our esprit de corps by fending off the crisis of nihilism he predicted as forthcoming? Nietzsche could not have thought that at some point people were going to tum their heads to the wall due to a paucity of values, which may run low sometimes but will never run out. Those who were supposed to have gone running into the streets in a funk of foundationlessness have survived without a hitch: Nihilistic or not, they still carried home an armful of affirmations. To publish or perish is not a question that professional thinkers have to think about for long. And whatever moral crisis lies ahead will have to take place in an environment undamaged by nihilism.

为什么这个满口“否定”的“应声虫”会觉得,有必要拼命维持我们的“团队精神”,去抵御他预言将要到来的虚无主义危机?尼采不可能真以为,人们会因为“价值匮乏”而走投无路、把头撞墙吧。价值观有时会显得稀缺,但它们从不会真正枯竭。那些本该因为“失去根基”而惊慌失措、跑到街上去的人,其实一点事也没有:不管是不是虚无主义者,他们照样抱着一堆自我肯定的说辞回家。对职业思想家来说,“要么发表著作,要么被淘汰”根本不是什么需要纠结的问题。而无论未来会出现什么样的道德危机,那也只能发生在一个并没有被虚无主义损坏过的环境里。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 As a threat to human continuance, nihilism is as dead as God. (See James E. Edwards, The Plain Sense of Things: The Fate of Religion in the Age of Nonnal Nihilism, 1997.) To do away with one's values is rather impossible, an ideal to be imagined until one is seized by a natural end. Schopenhauer, a virtuoso of life's devaluation, knew that. But Nietzsche fretted about those unborn values he imagined his work would inspire, worrying over them as would an expectant parent concerned that his name, his blood, and his codes both moral and genetic be bodied forth by generations fading over the hills of time. Leaving no values that posterity could not cook up on its own, Nietzsche was withal an admirable opponent of enslaving values from the past. In their place, he left nothing. And for that we should thank him.

作为对人类延续的威胁,虚无主义如今和上帝一样早已“死去”。(参见詹姆斯·E·爱德华兹《事物的明义:在常态化虚无主义时代中的宗教命运》(1997)。) 要彻底消除自身的价值观几乎是不可能的——那只是一种想象中的理想,直到人被自然的终结所攫取为止。作为“生命贬值”的演奏大师,叔本华深知这一点。 但尼采却为那些尚未诞生的价值而忧虑——那些他想象中会因自己的著作而被激发出来的价值。他为它们烦恼,正如一位准父亲忧虑着自己的名字、血脉以及他所制定的道德与基因的准则,是否会由一代代人延续到时间的地平线之外。 尼采没有留下任何后人无法凭自身构思出的价值观;然而,作为反对奴役性的旧价值的斗士,他依然令人钦佩。 在那些旧价值的位置上,他什么也没有留下。 对此,我们理应心怀感激。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Possibly stolen from Nietzsche is what has been tagged as Zapffe's Paradox—where human beings deceive themselves into thinking their lives are something they are not, namely, worth living. In his Birth of Tragedy (1872) Nietzsche wrote:

所谓“扎普夫悖论”(Zapffe’s Paradox)——也就是人类自欺地认为自己的生命是有价值的,而事实上并非如此——或许正是从尼采那里“偷来”的概念。尼采在他的《悲剧的诞生》(1872)中写道:

It is an eternal phenomenon: The insatiable will always find a way, by means of an illusion spread over things, to detain its creatures in life and to compel them to live on. One is chained by the Socratic joy of knowing and the delusion of being able thereby to heal the eternal wound of existence; another is ensnared by art’s seductive veil of beauty fluttering before his eyes; yet another by the metaphysical consolation that beneath the whirl of appearances eternal life flows on indestructibly-to say nothing of the more common and almost more forceful illusions the will has at hand at every moment. (The Birth of Tragedy, trans. Walter Kaufmann)

这是一种永恒的现象:那永不满足的意志,总能通过将幻象覆盖于万物之上,设法让它的造物滞留于生命之中,并迫使它们继续活下去。 有的人被“苏格拉底式的求知之乐”所束缚,并陷入这样一种妄想:以为凭借知识便能治愈存在那永恒的创伤; 另一些人则被艺术那在眼前飘动的、诱人的美之面纱所迷惑; 还有的人沉溺于形而上学的安慰之中——相信在纷乱的表象旋涡之下,永恒的生命正坚不可摧地流淌着。 更不用提那些更为常见、甚至更有力量的幻象——那些意志随时都能召唤出来的幻象了。 (引自《悲剧的诞生》,沃尔特·考夫曼译)


点击展开/折叠英语原文 One can only rue the fact that Nietzsche did not unfold this observation into a life-negating pessimism, as did Zapffe, rather than into a pessimism that teaches us "what it means 'to be frightened'"—"a pessimism of strength." But by the time Nietzsche wrote these words in his "Attempt at a Self-Criticism," published as a preface to the 1886 edition of The Birth of Tragedy, it was too late for his conversion, or reconversion, to a purist's pessimism. He had already hit the road toward what would indeed frighten average mortals, a set of persons in which he did not include himself, or did not want to include himself. Zapffe did include himself among this set, and his analysis of those who opted out of it fits Nietzsche to a tee: "In such cases, a person may be obsessed with destructive joy, dislodging the whole artificial apparatus of his life and starting with rapturous horror to make a clean sweep of it. The horror stems from the loss of all sheltering values; the rapture from his by now ruthless identification and harmony with our nature's deepest secret—the biological unsoundness, the enduring disposition for doom." In its life-negating aspect, pessimism lost a great champion when Nietzsche became joyful about the frightful, a psychic stand that in itself is a paradox if ever there was one.

我们只能为这样一个事实感到惋惜:尼采并没有像扎普夫那样,将这一洞见发展成一种否定生命的悲观主义;相反,他把它引向了一种“教人明白‘何谓恐惧’”的悲观主义——一种“力量的悲观主义”。 但等到尼采在《尝试自我批评》中写下这些话(该文作为《悲剧的诞生》1886年版的序言发表)时,他已经来不及改信,或重新改信那种“纯粹派”的悲观主义了。那时的他,已经踏上了一条会令凡人胆寒的道路——而他本人并不把自己算作凡人,或者说,不愿意把自己算在其中。

扎普夫却把自己包括在那类人之中。他对那些“逃离者”的分析,恰好与尼采的情况完全契合:“在这种情形下,一个人可能被一种具有毁灭性的狂喜所支配——他会推翻自己整个人生的虚假结构,并在一种狂喜的恐惧中,将一切清除殆尽。恐惧来自于所有庇护性价值的失落;狂喜则来自于他此刻那种无情的认同——与我们自然最深层的秘密达成和谐:生物性的缺陷,以及对灭亡的永恒倾向。”

当尼采开始为“可怕之物”而欢欣时,悲观主义在其否定生命的层面上失去了一位伟大的拥护者。 而这种“为恐怖而欢喜”的心理立场,本身若不是一个悖论,那世上恐怕就没有什么能称得上悖论了。

Futurephilia

未来迷恋症

点击展开/折叠英语原文 After Nietzsche, pess1m1sm was revaluated by some, rejuvenated by others, and still spumed as depressing by average mortals, who continued to recite their most activating illusion: "Today is better than yesterday and tomorrow will be better still." While being alive may be all right for the moment, the future is really the place for a person to be, at least as far as we care to see into it. Lovecraft is a figure of exceeding intrigue here because much of his fiction is based on a clutch of godlike beings whose very presence in the universe degrades the idea of betterment in human life into a cosmic miscalculation. Azathoth the Blind Idiot God, Nyarlathotep the Crawling Chaos, Cthulhu the Dead Dreamer: These are some of the entities that symbolize the Lovecraftian universe as a place without sense, meaning, or value. This perspective is memorably expressed in Lovecraft's poem "Nemesis":

在尼采之后,悲观主义被一些人重新评估,被另一些人重新激活,而普通人依然把它视为消极颓废的东西,继续念叨着他们那最具“鼓舞性”的幻象:“今天比昨天更好,而明天会更好。” 活着这件事或许暂时还算“过得去”,但真正值得寄托的地方似乎总在未来——至少在我们所愿意展望的范围之内是这样。

在这里,洛夫克拉夫特是个极具吸引力的人物,因为他的许多小说正是建立在这样一种设定之上:宇宙中存在着一些如神一般的存在,而它们的存在本身就让“人类生活会越来越好”这一观念沦为宇宙级的误判。

盲目愚蠢之神阿撒托斯、蠕行混沌奈亚拉托提普、沉睡之梦者克苏鲁——这些就是洛氏宇宙中几位代表性的存在。它们象征着一个毫无理性、意义或价值的宇宙。

这种世界观在洛夫克拉夫特的诗《复仇女神》(Nemesis)中得到了令人难忘的表达。

I have seen the dark universe yawning Where the black planets roll without aim, Where they roll in their horror unheeded, Without knowledge or lustre or name.

我曾见那黑暗的宇宙张开大口,
黑色的行星在其中无目的地滚动,
它们在恐怖中滚动,却无人理会,
没有认知、没有光辉、没有名字。


点击展开/折叠英语原文 These lines and others like them are not cordially received by votaries of the future, who will deny their vision or treat it as only a literary diversion, which in effect is all that it is, along with every glyph and scribble ever recorded since Gilgamesh sojourned in the land of the dead. More popular among fans of occult fiction are the canonical texts of Theosophy, Anthroposophy, Scientology, G. I. Gurdjieffs Fourth Way, the Kabbalah, and so on.

这些诗句,以及类似的作品,并不被那些“未来崇拜者”所热情接受——他们要么否认其中的视野,要么仅将其视作文学上的消遣。实际上,这确实只是文学消遣罢了——就像自吉尔伽美什漫游冥界以来,人类所记录的每一个符号和文字都不过如此。

相比之下,神秘小说的爱好者更偏好一些“正统”经典文本,比如神智学、亚瑟人学、山达基学说、G·I·古尔杰夫的第四道法,以及卡巴拉等。

点击展开/折叠英语原文 Among this select bibliography of arcane studies should be added the curiosa of "transhumanism," a zealous type of utopian thought underwritten by the belief that day by day we are getting closer and closer to building a better human. Like believers in libertarian free will, transhumanists believe we can make ourselves. But this is impossible. Because of evolution, we got made. We did not bring ourselves out of the primeval ooze. And everything we have done since we became a species has been a consequence of being made. No matter what we do, it will be what we were made to do—and nothing else. We may try to make something of ourselves, but we cannot take over our own evolution. We made antibiotics because we were made to be the kind of beings who make such things as antibiotics. That changed our condition without changing us, being as we are the kind of creatures who do things and make things, yet are not in the business of getting ourselves made. Nature had plans for us and still does. One of those plans seems to be the dream of transhumanism, which may just be a plan to unmake us. If so, we are not going to alter that plan simply because we imagine we can make a new person with new evolutionary programs that we will write. We know how to survive and we know how to reproduce. We know how to do many things, but we do not know what to do with ourselves that is over and above our preset patterns. Some of us only think we do. We are not even part of the process of getting remade. We are following orders, as we have always done, that nature is forever barking out.

在这份关于奥秘学研究的精选书目中,还应加入“超人类主义”的奇闻——一种热衷于乌托邦思想的流派,其核心信念是:随着时间的推移,人类离打造出“更完美的人类”越来越近。

像自由意志论者一样,超人类主义者相信我们能够自我创造。但这是不可能的。因为进化的存在,我们是被造出来的。我们并非凭自身努力从原始泥潭中脱身而出。自成为一个物种以来,我们所做的一切都是被造之身的必然结果。无论我们做什么,都只是我们被造出来所注定要做的——别无其他。

我们或许会尝试塑造自己,但无法主宰自身的进化。我们发明了抗生素,因为我们本就是会发明抗生素的那类生物。这改变了我们的处境,却没有改变我们本身——我们天生就是会做事、会创造东西,却不掌握自我造化的生物。大自然早已为我们制定计划,而如今依然如此。

其中之一的“计划”似乎正是超人类主义的梦想——但这梦或许不过是一个让我们自我瓦解的计划而已。如果真是这样,我们不会因为想象自己可以写出新的进化程序、创造一个新人而改变这个计划。

我们知道如何生存,也知道如何繁衍。我们会做许多事情,但对于如何做超越自身预设模式的事情,却一无所知。我们之中只有少数人以为自己知道。我们甚至不参与被重造的过程。我们只是遵循命令——就像一贯以来那样——那些永远从大自然口中传来的命令。

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译者注:


  1. 庞格洛斯式的谎言(Panglossian falsehoods):这里的 Panglossian 源自伏尔泰的讽刺小说《老实人》(Candide) 中的角色 Dr. Pangloss(庞格洛斯)。庞格洛斯是一个极端乐观主义者,他的口头禅是“这是最好的世界,一切都是最好的安排”(all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds)。因此,Panglossian falsehoods 指的并不是普通的谎话,而是带着天真或自我安慰性质的过度乐观的谎言——那些明明现实残酷,却仍声称“一切都是最好的”的说辞。 

  2. 红发继子(red-headed stepchild):“red-headed stepchild” 是英语里一个习语。字面意思是“红头发的继子”,但它并不是字面在讲发色或家庭关系。它的比喻含义是:不受待见的人/事物;被冷落、被忽视、处于边缘地位的存在。这个表达源于西方文化中对“继子/继女”常有的负面刻板印象(觉得在继家庭里不受宠爱),再加上“红头发”在过去也常被视为另类、显眼、容易被歧视的特征,两者叠加就变成了“不招人喜欢、被边缘化的角色”的象征。